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Related Concept Videos

Endoscopic Studies I: Bronchoscopy and Thoracoscopy01:30

Endoscopic Studies I: Bronchoscopy and Thoracoscopy

Endoscopy is a non-surgical medical technique used to examine a person's internal organs and vessels. This lesson will focus on two types of endoscopic studies: bronchoscopy and thoracoscopy.
Bronchoscopy
Description
Bronchoscopy is a procedure that involves direct visualization of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. A flexible fiber optic or rigid bronchoscope is used to carry out the procedure. The fiber-optic bronchoscope is more frequently used due to...
Endoscopic Studies II: Thoracocentesis01:26

Endoscopic Studies II: Thoracocentesis

Thoracentesis(Thoracocentesis), commonly known as pleural tap, is a medical procedure where a 22 gauge needle is inserted into the pleural space, the area between the lung and chest wall. This procedure is commonly performed to diagnose or treat various respiratory disorders.
Description
Excess pleural fluid or air may accumulate in some respiratory disorders in the thoracic cavity. To treat pleural effusion, a physician conducts thoracentesis by carefully piercing the chest wall and entering...
Endoscopic Procedures I: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy01:29

Endoscopic Procedures I: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy

An Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) is a diagnostic procedure in which an endoscopist uses a flexible, lighted endoscope to visualize the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The procedure includes visualizing the oropharynx, esophagus, stomach, and the first part of the small intestine, the duodenum.
During an EGD, the endoscope can be used to:
Endoscopic Procedures III: Video Capsule Endoscopy01:28

Endoscopic Procedures III: Video Capsule Endoscopy

Capsule endoscopy, or wireless or video capsule endoscopy, is a diagnostic procedure for examining the entire gastrointestinal tract. Patients swallow a capsule about the size of a vitamin tablet. The capsule is equipped with a transmitter, a battery, an LED light source, and a color video camera to capture images throughout the gastrointestinal tract. This procedure is particularly useful for diagnosing conditions such as Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, tumors, polyps, ulcers, unexplained...
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation V: Advanced Airway Management Techniques01:30

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation V: Advanced Airway Management Techniques

Airway management is essential in emergency and surgical medicine, ensuring ventilation and oxygenation in patients who cannot maintain their own airway. Clinicians use a range of techniques and devices to secure the airway, depending on the patient’s condition and the clinical context. Key methods include endotracheal intubation, rapid sequence intubation (RSI), supraglottic airway devices, and advanced visualization aids. In cases where these approaches fail, surgical airway interventions are...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Systematic Bronchoscopy: the Four Landmarks Approach
04:47

Systematic Bronchoscopy: the Four Landmarks Approach

Published on: June 23, 2023

Fibreoptic bronchoscopy--a Malaysian experience.

I Yaacob1, Z Harun, Z Ahmad

  • 1Department of Medicine, Hospital University Sains Malaysia, Kelantan.

Singapore Medical Journal
|February 1, 1991
PubMed
Summary

This study analyzed 293 bronchoscopies in Malaysia, finding bronchial carcinoma in 58% of diagnostic cases. Bronchoscopy effectively diagnosed lung cancer and identified bronchitis as a common cause of hemoptysis.

Area of Science:

  • Pulmonology
  • Oncology
  • Medical Diagnostics

Background:

  • Bronchoscopy is a key diagnostic tool for respiratory diseases.
  • Understanding regional variations in bronchoscopy indications and outcomes is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the indications, diagnostic yield, and outcomes of bronchoscopies performed at Hospital University Sains Malaysia.
  • To compare findings with Western series, noting demographic and diagnostic differences.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of 293 bronchoscopies performed between 1984 and 1988.
  • Analysis of patient demographics, indications for the procedure, diagnostic findings (biopsy, cytology), and histological types of malignancy.

Main Results:

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  • 70.2% of bronchoscopies were for suspected bronchial carcinoma, with a 58% confirmation rate.
  • Biopsy of visible tumors yielded malignancy in 77%, while cytology increased the positive yield to 92%.
  • Squamous cell carcinoma was the most common type (48.1%), followed by small cell carcinoma (27.1%). Bronchitis was the most frequent cause of hemoptysis.

    • Conclusions:

    • Bronchoscopy is highly effective for diagnosing bronchial carcinoma and investigating hemoptysis.
    • The study highlighted differences from Western data, including a higher proportion of procedures for infective disorders and younger patient age.