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Measuring Reaction Rates

Polarimetry finds application in chemical kinetics to measure the concentration and reaction kinetics of optically active substances during a chemical reaction. Optically active substances have the capability of rotating the plane of polarization of linearly polarized light passing through them—a feature called optical rotation. Optical activity is attributed to the molecular structure of substances. Normal monochromatic light is unpolarized and possesses oscillations of the electrical field in...
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X-ray polarimeter with a transmission multilayer.

Shunji Kitamoto1, Hiroshi Murakami, Youich Shishido

  • 1Department of Physics, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan. kitamoto@rikkyo.ac.jp

The Review of Scientific Instruments
|March 3, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a new X-ray polarimeter using a multilayer optic and a CCD detector. This device effectively measures X-ray polarization with high transmission, enabling advanced imaging and spectroscopy.

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Astrophysics

Background:

  • X-ray polarimetry is crucial for understanding high-energy astrophysical sources and laboratory plasmas.
  • Existing polarimeters often face limitations in efficiency, energy range, or integration with imaging systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and characterize a novel X-ray polarimeter utilizing a transmission multilayer optic.
  • To assess the performance of this polarimeter for imaging and spectroscopic measurements across a range of photon energies.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a self-standing multilayer (seven Mo/Si bilayers) for X-ray polarization analysis.
  • Integration of the multilayer with a back-illuminated CCD detector at a fixed 45-degree incident angle.
  • Rotation of the multilayer to measure polarization-dependent transmission and modulation factors.

Main Results:

  • The novel X-ray polarimeter demonstrated a modulation factor of 45%.
  • Achieved transmission rates of 45% for P-polarized and 17% for S-polarized X-rays.
  • Confirmed the polarimeter's capability for simultaneous imaging and spectroscopic polarization measurements.

Conclusions:

  • The developed transmission multilayer X-ray polarimeter offers a promising new tool for astrophysical and laboratory plasma diagnostics.
  • Its design allows for easy integration into existing X-ray optical setups.
  • The device provides efficient polarization measurement capabilities, particularly at higher photon energies where the multilayer is transparent.