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Related Concept Videos

Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...
Translation01:31

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Translation01:31

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
From DNA to Protein03:06

From DNA to Protein

The flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to mRNA to protein is described by the central dogma, which states that genes specify the sequence of mRNAs, which in turn specify the sequence of amino acids making up all proteins. The decoding of one molecule to another is performed by specific proteins and RNAs. Because the information stored in DNA is so central to cellular function, it makes intuitive sense that the cell would make mRNA copies of this information for protein synthesis...

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Related Experiment Video

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De novo Identification of Actively Translated Open Reading Frames with Ribosome Profiling Data
08:23

De novo Identification of Actively Translated Open Reading Frames with Ribosome Profiling Data

Published on: February 18, 2022

On finding poorly translated codons based on their usage frequency.

Lalit Ponnala1

  • 1Computational Biology Service Unit, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. lp257@cornell.edu

Bioinformation
|March 4, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Rare codons hinder translation efficiency. This study links codon usage and tRNA availability in E. coli, identifying poorly translated codons using computational tRNA estimates.

Keywords:
E colicodon usagecodonsfrequencytRNA

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Biotechnology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Long stretches of rare codons significantly reduce translation efficiency.
  • Optimizing heterologous gene expression systems relies on understanding rare codon distribution.
  • Accurate codon usage analysis requires considering protein abundance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the correlation between codon usage and tRNA availability at different growth rates in E. coli.
  • To identify poorly translated codons by estimating tRNA isoacceptor concentrations.

Main Methods:

  • Computational estimation of tRNA isoacceptor concentrations.
  • Analysis of codon usage patterns in E. coli.
  • Correlation analysis between codon usage and tRNA availability across various growth rates.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated a correlation between approximate codon usage measures and tRNA availability.
  • Showcased that computationally derived tRNA isoacceptor concentrations can identify poorly translated codons.
  • Provided insights into codon usage dynamics in E. coli at different growth conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Computational tRNA estimates are effective in pinpointing codons that limit translation.
  • Understanding tRNA availability is crucial for enhancing gene expression systems.
  • This work contributes to optimizing protein production in biotechnological applications.