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The Auditory Ossicles

The Auditory Ossicles

The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2026

The Microscopic Transcanal Approach in Stapes Surgery Revisited

The Microscopic Transcanal Approach in Stapes Surgery Revisited

Published on: February 16, 2022

[Superelastic nitinol stapes prostheses].

U Reineke¹, J Ebmeyer, D Plett

¹Klinikum Bielefeld, Klinik für Hals-Nasen-Ohrenheilkunde, Kopf- und Halschirurgie, Bielefeld. ulfreineke@web.de

Laryngo- Rhino- Otologie

|March 12, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel superelastic Nitinol stapes prosthesis for stapes surgery, simplifying implantation and yielding excellent postoperative hearing results comparable to existing prostheses.

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Area of Science:

Otolaryngology
Biomaterials Science
Medical Devices

Background:

Stapes surgery aims to restore hearing by replacing the stapes bone.
Traditional prostheses can involve complex fixation steps.
Superelastic Nitinol offers potential advantages in surgical device design.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the safety and efficacy of a newly designed superelastic Nitinol piston stapes prosthesis.
To assess the ease of implantation and postoperative hearing outcomes.
To compare the new prosthesis with existing options.

Main Methods:

A stapedectomy was performed on 22 patients (mean age 45.2 years).
A superelastic Nitinol piston stapes prosthesis was implanted.
Pre- and postoperative audiometry was conducted to measure hearing outcomes.

Main Results:

The average postoperative air-bone gap (ABG) was 12.8 dB across all frequencies.
68.2% of patients achieved an ABG under 10 dB at 0.5-4 kHz.
No patient exceeded a 20 dB ABG, indicating effective hearing restoration.

Conclusions:

The superelastic Nitinol piston stapes prosthesis simplifies fixation, eliminating the need for crimping.
Postoperative hearing results are very good and comparable to other Nitinol or titanium prostheses.
Further long-term studies with larger patient cohorts are warranted.