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Related Concept Videos

Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification01:29

Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification

Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
The process begins when mesenchymal cells in the embryonic skeleton gather together and differentiate into osteogenic cells, which then develop into...
Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification01:24

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification

Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...
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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Chondrocytes form a temporary cartilaginous model by dividing and secreting a thick gel-like extracellular matrix. Once the chondrocytes undergo programmed cell death, osteoblasts enter the site of the cartilaginous model. The process of replacing the temporary cartilaginous model with bone in an ordered manner is called endochondral ossification. In endochondral ossification, not all of the cartilage is replaced by bone tissue. Some cartilage that performs a protective and supportive function...
Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

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The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...

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Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Orbital Fractures
08:18

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Published on: May 16, 2025

Metaplastic bone formation in the orbit.

Edward I Lee1, Patricia Chévez-Barrios, Charles N S Soparkar

  • 1Division of Plastic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.

Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
|March 23, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Combined osseous and cartilaginous metaplasia in the orbit is rare. This case highlights its presentation with pain and ocular dysmotility, aiding diagnosis of orbital masses.

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Pathology
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Osseous or cartilaginous metaplasia within the orbit represents an uncommon clinicopathologic finding.
  • These metaplastic processes, involving bone or cartilage formation in abnormal locations, are infrequently encountered in orbital tissues.

Observation:

  • The authors report a unique case of concurrent primary osseous and cartilaginous metaplasia in the orbit.
  • The patient presented with symptoms including orbital pain and ocular dysmotility, indicative of impaired eye movement.

Findings:

  • The study details the radiologic, histopathologic, and clinical characteristics of this rare combined metaplasia.
  • Radiographic features, particularly calcification patterns, are crucial for identifying this entity.

Implications:

  • This condition should be included in the differential diagnosis for orbital masses with calcific radiographic features.
  • Accurate diagnosis is essential for appropriate clinical management and patient outcomes.