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Updated: Jun 14, 2026
NiO Nanoflowers for Non-Enzymatic Amperometric Detection of Glucose
Published on: December 30, 2025
Fabrication of nanoindented electrodes for glucose detection
1Department of Engineering and Technology, Virginia State University, Center for Biosystems and Engineering, Petersburg, Virginia 23806 , USA. gslaughter@vsu.edu
Background:
The objective of this article was to design, fabricate, and evaluate a novel type of glucose biosensors based on the use of atomic force microscopy to create nanoindented electrodes (NIDEs) for the selective detection of glucose.
Methods:
Atomic force microscopy nanoindentation techniques were extended to covalently immobilized glucose oxidase on NIDEs via composite hydrogel membranes composed of interpenetrating networks of inherently conductive poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) tetramethacrylate grown within ultraviolet cross-linked hydroxyethylmethacrylate-based hydrogels to produce an in vitro amperometric NIDE biosensor for the long-term monitoring of glucose.
Results:
The calibration curve for glucose was linear from 0.25 to 20 mM. Results showed that the NIDE glucose biosensor has a much higher detection sensitivity of 0.32 microA/mM and rapid response times (<5 seconds). There was no interference from the competing interferent (fructose) present; the only interference was from species that react with H(2)O(2) (ascorbic acid). The linear equation was B(response) (microA) = 0.323 [glucose] (mM) + 0.634 (microA); n = 24, r(2) = 0.994.
Conclusion:
Results showed that the resultant NIDE glucose biosensor increases the dynamic range, device sensitivity, and response time and has excellent detecting performance for glucose.
