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Precipitation Processes

Precipitation Processes

The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...

Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution: Problem Solving

Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution: Problem Solving

Individual molecules in a gas move in random directions, but a gas containing numerous molecules has a predictable distribution of molecular speeds, which is known as the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution, f(v).
This distribution function f(v) is defined by saying that the expected number N (v1,v2) of particles with speeds between v1 and v2 is given by

Precipitation Gravimetry

Precipitation Gravimetry

Precipitation gravimetry is based on converting an analyte into a sparingly soluble precipitate, which is separated by filtration and weighed. An ideal precipitate should be pure, insoluble, of known composition, and easily filtered from the reaction mixture.
In determining nickel by gravimetric analysis, a precipitant of ethanolic dimethylglyoxime is added to a hot nickel salt solution. This is quickly followed by the dropwise addition of dilute ammonia solution until precipitation occurs. A...

Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control

Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control

In precipitation gravimetry, the precipitating agent should react specifically or selectively with the analyte. While a specific reagent reacts with the analyte alone, a selective reagent can react with a limited number of chemical species.
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Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Atomization Methods

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Atomization Methods

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) atomizes samples through flame atomization or electrothermal atomization. Flame atomization typically involves a nebulizer and spray chamber assembly to combine the sample with a fuel–oxidant mixture, creating a fine aerosol mist that enters a burner. Typically, the fuel and oxidant are combined in an approximately stoichiometric ratio. However, for atoms that are easily oxidized, a fuel-rich mixture may be more advantageous. Only about 5% of the aerosol...

Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) Infrared Spectroscopy: Overview

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Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) infrared spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique used to study the composition of materials. It is widely employed in chemistry, materials science, forensic science, and other fields where sample characterization is required. ATR has several advantages over traditional transmission IR spectroscopy, including the requirement of little to no sample preparation and the ability to analyze a wide range of samples.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Measurement of Aerosols Optical Thickness of the Atmosphere using the GLOBE Handheld Sun Photometer

Measurement of Aerosols Optical Thickness of the Atmosphere using the GLOBE Handheld Sun Photometer

Published on: May 29, 2019

Simple inversion technique to obtain cloud droplet size parameters using solar aureole data.

T I Wang, G M Lerfald, V E Derr

|March 24, 2010

Summary

A new, fast inversion technique accurately determines cloud droplet size parameters from scattered sunlight measurements. This method is ideal for real-time analysis, outperforming complex Mie scattering calculations.

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Last Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Measurement of Aerosols Optical Thickness of the Atmosphere using the GLOBE Handheld Sun Photometer

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Published on: May 29, 2019

Near-Infrared Temperature Measurement Technique for Water Surrounding an Induction-heated Small Magnetic Sphere

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Published on: April 30, 2018

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Area of Science:

Atmospheric optics
Cloud physics
Remote sensing

Background:

Accurate cloud droplet size distribution is crucial for climate modeling and weather forecasting.
Existing inversion techniques often rely on computationally intensive Mie scattering calculations, limiting real-time applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a simplified, time-efficient inversion technique for retrieving cloud droplet size parameters.
To validate the new technique against established methods using theoretical and experimental data.

Main Methods:

A novel inversion technique based on single scattering of solar radiation in the near-forward direction.
Utilizing angular radiance measurements to deduce cloud droplet size parameters.
Testing the method with Deirmendjian's polydispersed cloud size distributions and a broadband source.

Main Results:

The developed technique provides excellent agreement with theoretical models and experimental data.
The new method is significantly faster than traditional Mie scattering inversion techniques.
The technique is generalized to accommodate broadband light sources.

Conclusions:

The simple inversion technique offers a computationally efficient and accurate alternative for determining cloud droplet size parameters.
This advancement facilitates on-line, real-time analysis of cloud properties.
The method shows high potential for operational use in atmospheric research and monitoring.