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Related Concept Videos

Mixtures of Acids03:27

Mixtures of Acids

The pH of a solution containing an acid can be determined using its acid dissociation constant and its initial concentration. If a solution contains two different acids, then its pH can be determined using one of several methods depending upon the relative strength of the acids and their dissociation constants.
A Mixture of a Strong Acid and a Weak Acid
In a mixture of a strong acid and a weak acid, the strong acid dissociates completely and becomes a source of almost all the hydronium ions...
Calculating pH Changes in a Buffer Solution02:45

Calculating pH Changes in a Buffer Solution

A buffer can prevent a sudden drop or increase in the pH of a solution after the addition of a strong acid or base up to its buffering capacity; however, such addition of a strong acid or base does result in the slight pH change of the solution. The small pH change can be calculated by determining the resulting change in the concentration of buffer components, i.e., a weak acid and its conjugate base or vice versa. The concentrations obtained using these stoichiometric calculations can be used...
Acid Attack on Concrete01:21

Acid Attack on Concrete

When acids come into contact with concrete, they initiate a chemical reaction that dissolves the hydrated cement paste. This process leads to softening and structural weakening of the concrete. This issue is commonly observed in environments such as chimneys, sewers, and industrial settings. The severity of the damage increases as the pH of the water interacting with the concrete drops below 6.5. In particular, a pH under 4.5 can cause significant concrete damage.
The rate at which hydrogen...
Acid Strength and Molecular Structure03:05

Acid Strength and Molecular Structure

Binary Acids and Bases
In the absence of any leveling effect, the acid strength of binary compounds of hydrogen with nonmetals (A) increases as the H-A bond strength decreases down a group in the periodic table. For group 17, the order of increasing acidity is HF < HCl < HBr < HI. Likewise, for group 16, the order of increasing acid strength is H2O < H2S < H2Se < H2Te. Across a row in the periodic table, the acid strength of binary hydrogen compounds increases with increasing...
Weak Acid Solutions04:02

Weak Acid Solutions

Few compounds act as strong acids. A far greater number of compounds behave as weak acids and only partially react with water, leaving a large majority of dissolved molecules in their original form and generating a relatively small amount of hydronium ions. Weak acids are commonly encountered in nature, being the substances partly responsible for the tangy taste of citrus fruits, the stinging sensation of insect bites, and the unpleasant smells associated with body odor. A familiar example of a...
Acid Halides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis01:01

Acid Halides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis of acid halides is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction in which acid halides react with water to give carboxylic acids. The reaction occurs readily and does not require acid or a base catalyst.
As shown below, the mechanism involves a nucleophilic attack by water at the carbonyl carbon to form a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the reformation of the carbon–oxygen π bond along with the departure of a halide ion. A final proton transfer step yields carboxylic acid...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Light Enhanced Hydrofluoric Acid Passivation: A Sensitive Technique for Detecting Bulk Silicon Defects
09:15

Light Enhanced Hydrofluoric Acid Passivation: A Sensitive Technique for Detecting Bulk Silicon Defects

Published on: January 4, 2016

Hydrofluoric acid on dentin should be avoided.

B A C Loomans1, A Mine, F J M Roeters

  • 1Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, The Netherlands. b.loomans@dent.umcn.nl

Dental Materials : Official Publication of the Academy of Dental Materials
|April 3, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hydrofluoric acid contamination significantly reduces bond strength to dentin. Avoid contact with hydrofluoric acid during dental restorations to maintain composite-to-dentin bonding effectiveness.

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Area of Science:

  • Dental Materials Science
  • Biomaterials Engineering
  • Adhesive Dentistry

Background:

  • Hydrofluoric acid (HF) is utilized in intra-oral dental restoration procedures.
  • Accidental contamination of tooth substrate with HF can occur during these procedures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the impact of hydrofluoric acid contamination on dentin bonding effectiveness.
  • To quantify the reduction in micro-tensile bond strength (µTBS) to contaminated dentin.

Main Methods:

  • Dentin surfaces of 15 molar teeth underwent five etching protocols involving phosphoric acid and varying concentrations of hydrofluoric acid.
  • Bonding was achieved using OptiBond FL, followed by composite resin build-up.
  • Micro-tensile bond strength testing, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) were employed for analysis.

Main Results:

  • The control group (phosphoric acid only) exhibited a significantly higher mean µTBS (53.4 MPa) compared to all HF-contaminated groups (p<0.001).
  • No significant differences in µTBS were observed between different concentrations of HF (3% vs. 9.6%) when used in conjunction with phosphoric acid.
  • HF-contaminated groups showed substantially reduced bond strengths, ranging from 13.5 MPa to 20.3 MPa.

Conclusions:

  • Contact between hydrofluoric acid and dentin adversely affects the bond strength of composite resins.
  • Dental professionals should avoid HF contamination of dentin to ensure optimal and durable restorations.