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Related Concept Videos

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling01:27

¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling

The coupling interactions of nuclei across four or more bonds are usually weak, with J values less than 1 Hz. While these are usually not observed in spectra, the presence of multiple bonds along the coupling pathway can result in observable long-range coupling.
In alkenes, spin information is communicated via σ–π overlap, as seen in allylic (four-bond) and homoallylic (five-bond) couplings. These coupling interactions are stronger when the σ bond is parallel to the alkene π orbitals.
Divergence and Curl of Magnetic Field01:26

Divergence and Curl of Magnetic Field

The magnetic field due to a volume current distribution given by the Biot–Savart Law can be expressed as follows:
Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)

Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
The extent of coupling depends on the C‑C bond length, the two H‑C‑C angles, any electron-withdrawing substituents, and the dihedral angle between the involved orbitals. The...
¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling01:04

¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling

The probability of having two carbon-13 atoms next to each other is negligible because of the low natural abundance of carbon-13. Consequently, peak splitting due to carbon-carbon spin-spin coupling is not observed in spectra. However, protons up to three sigma bonds away split the carbon signal according to the n+1 rule, resulting in complicated spectra.
A broadband decoupling technique is used to simplify these complex, sometimes overlapping, signals. Broadband decoupling relies on a...
NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling01:08

NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling

The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs
06:42

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs

Published on: June 8, 2018

Entanglement combing.

Dong Yang1, Jens Eisert

  • 1Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.

Physical Review Letters
|April 7, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Multipartite pure states can be transformed into pairwise entangled states using local operations. A chosen party maintains entanglement with all others losslessly, preserving entanglement degrees.

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Molecular Entanglement and Electrospinnability of Biopolymers
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Molecular Entanglement and Electrospinnability of Biopolymers

Published on: September 3, 2014

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Last Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs
06:42

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs

Published on: June 8, 2018

Molecular Entanglement and Electrospinnability of Biopolymers
07:59

Molecular Entanglement and Electrospinnability of Biopolymers

Published on: September 3, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Quantum Information Theory
  • Quantum Entanglement
  • Many-Body Quantum Systems

Background:

  • Multipartite quantum states are fundamental in quantum information.
  • Understanding entanglement distribution in multipartite systems is crucial.
  • Previous protocols often involved entanglement loss or state degradation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate a lossless transformation of multipartite pure states into bipartite pairwise entangled states.
  • To classify the possible distributions of entanglement among bipartite pairs.
  • To establish a versatile primitive for quantum information processing.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing local quantum operations on multipartite pure states.
  • Developing an asymptotic protocol to decorrelate parties.
  • Analyzing the preservation of entanglement degrees during transformation.

Main Results:

  • All multipartite pure states can be converted into bipartite pairwise entangled states losslessly.
  • A specific party retains pairwise entanglement with all others, unchanged.
  • A comprehensive classification of bipartite entanglement distributions is provided.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed protocol offers a method for generating and controlling bipartite entanglement from multipartite states.
  • This technique serves as a fundamental primitive with broad applications in quantum information theory.
  • The lossless nature and preserved entanglement degrees highlight its practical utility.