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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
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Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
The extent of coupling depends on the C‑C bond length, the two H‑C‑C angles, any electron-withdrawing substituents, and the dihedral angle between the involved orbitals. The...
Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must have a...
The Hall Effect01:30

The Hall Effect

Edwin H. Hall, in the year 1879, devised an experiment that could be used to identify the polarity of the predominant charge carriers in a conducting material. From a historical perspective, this experiment was the first to demonstrate that the charge carriers in most metals are negative.
The Pauli Exclusion Principle03:06

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The arrangement of electrons in the orbitals of an atom is called its electron configuration. We describe an electron configuration with a symbol that contains three pieces of information:
Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

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Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
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Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser
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Quantifying spin Hall angles from spin pumping: experiments and theory.

O Mosendz1, J E Pearson, F Y Fradin

  • 1Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA. mosendz@anl.gov

Physical Review Letters
|April 7, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study quantifies spin Hall effects in nonmagnetic materials using nickel-iron bilayers and ferromagnetic resonance. The findings enable spin transport without ferromagnets, determining spin Hall angles for Pt, Au, and Mo.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed matter physics
  • Spintronics
  • Materials science

Background:

  • Spin Hall effects enable spin transport in nonmagnetic materials, offering an alternative to ferromagnets.
  • Quantifying these effects is crucial for developing spintronic devices.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a method for quantifying spin Hall effects in normal metals.
  • To determine the spin Hall angles of Platinum (Pt), Gold (Au), and Molybdenum (Mo).

Main Methods:

  • Integrating Nickel(80)Iron(20) (Ni80Fe20) and normal metal (N) bilayers into a coplanar waveguide.
  • Generating a DC spin current in N via spin pumping using ferromagnetic resonance.
  • Distinguishing contributions from anisotropic magnetoresistance and spin Hall effect through symmetry analysis.

Main Results:

  • A theoretical framework was developed to account for both anisotropic magnetoresistance and spin Hall effects.
  • The spin Hall angles for Pt, Au, and Mo were quantitatively determined.
  • The method demonstrated sensitivity to even small spin Hall angles.

Conclusions:

  • The developed method reliably quantifies spin Hall effects in various conducting materials.
  • This technique facilitates the use of spin transport without relying on ferromagnetic materials.
  • The approach is adaptable for characterizing a wide range of materials for spintronic applications.