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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis. This...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance01:05

Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance

The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...
Double Resonance Techniques: Overview01:12

Double Resonance Techniques: Overview

Double resonance techniques in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy involve the simultaneous application of two different frequencies or radiofrequency pulses to manipulate and observe two distinct nuclear spins. One important application of double resonance is spin decoupling, which selectively suppresses coupling with one type of nucleus while observing the NMR signal from another nucleus, simplifying the spectrum and enhancing resolution.
Spin decoupling is usually achieved by...
Diamagnetism01:26

Diamagnetism

Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets.
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving
11:21

Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving

Published on: March 30, 2017

Magnetically controlled exchange process in an ultracold atom-dimer mixture.

S Knoop1, F Ferlaino, M Berninger

  • 1Institut für Experimentalphysik and Zentrum für Quantenphysik, Universität Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.

Physical Review Letters
|April 7, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers observed an elementary exchange process in ultracold atoms and molecules. Magnetic fields controlled the process

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Area of Science:

  • Ultracold atomic and molecular physics.
  • Quantum chemistry and many-body systems.

Background:

  • Feshbach molecules are weakly bound states of atoms formed near a Feshbach resonance.
  • Ultracold samples allow for precise control over atomic and molecular interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To observe and characterize an elementary exchange process in an optically trapped ultracold sample.
  • To investigate the influence of magnetic fields on the energetic nature of this process.
  • To compare experimental results with theoretical calculations.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing an optically trapped ultracold sample of atoms and Feshbach molecules.
  • Employing magnetic fields to tune the process from endoergic to exoergic.
  • Solving the three-body Schrödinger equation in the adiabatic hyperspherical representation for theoretical analysis.

Main Results:

  • Observation of a pronounced threshold behavior in the exchange process.
  • The exchange process does not lead to trap loss, unlike relaxation pathways.
  • Excellent agreement found between experimental data and theoretical calculations.

Conclusions:

  • The elementary exchange process is efficient due to the halo character of the molecular states.
  • Magnetic control over the energetic nature of the process is demonstrated.
  • Theoretical models accurately describe the observed phenomena in ultracold atomic and molecular systems.