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Non-Verbal Cues01:29

Non-Verbal Cues

Non-verbal communication extends beyond gestures and facial expressions to include vocal elements known as paralanguage. Paralanguage consists of non-verbal vocal cues such as pitch, loudness, speech rate, pauses, and non-verbal vocalizations like laughter, sighs, and moans. These elements not only accompany speech but also provide critical emotional and contextual information.The Role of Paralanguage in CommunicationParalanguage adds depth to spoken language by conveying emotions and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Behavioral Assessment of Hearing in 2 to 4 Year-old Children: A Two-interval, Observer-based Procedure Using Conditioned Play-based Responses
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Published on: January 23, 2017

Non-verbal visual reinforcement affects speech audiometry in the elderly.

Federica Di Berardino1, Stella Forti, Valentina Mattei

  • 1Audiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS CA' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Pace 9, 20122, Milan, Italy. fdibe@fastwebnet.it

European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology : Official Journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : Affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery
|April 24, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Non-verbal visual cues from audiologists can improve speech test scores for elderly individuals with hearing loss, especially those without dual sensory impairment. This finding suggests visual reinforcement is important for accurate audiological evaluations.

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Area of Science:

  • Audiology
  • Gerontology
  • Speech-Language Pathology

Background:

  • Age-related hearing loss affects speech understanding in the elderly.
  • Dual sensory impairment (DSI) can further complicate audiological assessments.
  • The impact of non-verbal cues during speech testing is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of non-verbal visual reinforcement during speech audiometry in older adults.
  • To determine if visual cues influence speech test performance in the elderly.
  • To identify potential confounding factors in audiological evaluations.

Main Methods:

  • Thirty-two elderly volunteers with age-related hearing loss participated.
  • Speech audiometry was conducted with and without visual reinforcement.
  • Participants repeated disyllabic word lists under both conditions.

Main Results:

  • Overall, visual reinforcement did not significantly alter speech test results.
  • However, elderly participants without dual sensory impairment (DSI) showed improved scores with visual reinforcement (p < 0.001).
  • This suggests a specific benefit for certain elderly populations.

Conclusions:

  • Non-verbal visual reinforcement can influence speech audiometry outcomes in the elderly.
  • Audiologists should consistently use visual reinforcement during speech testing for older adults.
  • Implementing visual reinforcement helps mitigate confounding variables in audiological evaluations.