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Related Concept Videos

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:24

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.
Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the surface of...
Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation01:28

Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Unlike the easy catalytic hydrogenation of an alkene double bond, hydrogenation of a benzene double bond under similar reaction conditions does not take place easily. For example, in the reduction of stilbene, the benzene ring remains unaffected while the alkene bond gets reduced. Hydrogenation of an alkene double bond is exothermic and a favorable process. In contrast, to hydrogenate the first unsaturated bond of benzene, an energy input is needed; that is, the process is endothermic. This is...
Heterogeneous Catalysis01:22

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...
Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.

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Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Catalytic Reactions at Amine-Stabilized and Ligand-Free Platinum Nanoparticles Supported on Titania During Hydrogenation of Alkenes and Aldehydes
12:08

Catalytic Reactions at Amine-Stabilized and Ligand-Free Platinum Nanoparticles Supported on Titania During Hydrogenation of Alkenes and Aldehydes

Published on: June 24, 2022

Solvent free catalytic C-H functionalisation.

Robin B Bedford1, Charlotte J Mitchell, Ruth L Webster

  • 1School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK. r.bedford@bristol.ac.uk

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)
|April 29, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces solvent-free methods for aromatic C-H functionalization, enabling selective arylation and halogenation reactions without harsh chemicals.

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Surface Functionalization of Metal-Organic Frameworks for Improved Moisture Resistance
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Synthesis of Antiviral Tetrahydrocarbazole Derivatives by Photochemical and Acid-catalyzed C-H Functionalization via Intermediate Peroxides (CHIPS)
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Surface Functionalization of Metal-Organic Frameworks for Improved Moisture Resistance
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Surface Functionalization of Metal-Organic Frameworks for Improved Moisture Resistance

Published on: September 5, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Organic Chemistry
  • Green Chemistry

Background:

  • Traditional aromatic C-H functionalization often relies on hazardous or undesirable solvents.
  • Developing environmentally benign synthetic methodologies is crucial for sustainable chemistry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and demonstrate solvent-free conditions for aromatic C-H functionalization reactions.
  • To achieve selective ortho- and meta-arylation and halogenation of specific aromatic compounds.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized solvent-free reaction conditions for C-H functionalization.
  • Investigated selective ortho- and meta-arylation of aryl carbamates and anilides.
  • Explored selective halogenation reactions under solvent-free conditions.

Main Results:

  • Successfully performed various aromatic C-H functionalizations without bulk solvents.
  • Achieved high selectivity in ortho- and meta-arylation of aryl carbamates and anilides.
  • Demonstrated efficient and selective halogenation reactions under solvent-free conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Solvent-free conditions are effective for a range of aromatic C-H functionalizations.
  • This approach offers a greener alternative to traditional methods requiring disfavoured solvents.
  • The developed methods provide selective access to valuable arylated and halogenated aromatic compounds.