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Related Concept Videos

Small GTPases - Ras and Rho01:24

Small GTPases - Ras and Rho

Ras and Rho are small monomeric GTPases that act downstream of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) and regulate various cellular processes. These GTPases switch between active and inactive states by binding to guanine nucleotides.
Three regulatory proteins control their activity:
Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon has three reading...
The Ras Gene02:38

The Ras Gene

The Ras-gene-encoded proteins are regulators of signaling pathways controlling cell proliferation, differentiation, or cell survival. The Ras-gene family in humans constitutes three primary members—the HRas, NRas, and KRas. These genes code for four functionally distinct yet closely related proteins—the HRas, NRas, KRas4A, and KRas4B. The involvement of mutant Ras genes in human cancer was first discovered in 1982 and is among the most common causes of human tumorigenesis.
Ras is a superfamily...
The Ras Gene02:38

The Ras Gene

The Ras-gene-encoded proteins are regulators of signaling pathways controlling cell proliferation, differentiation, or cell survival. The Ras-gene family in humans constitutes three primary members—the HRas, NRas, and KRas. These genes code for four functionally distinct yet closely related proteins—the HRas, NRas, KRas4A, and KRas4B. The involvement of mutant Ras genes in human cancer was first discovered in 1982 and is among the most common causes of human tumorigenesis.
Ras is a superfamily...
Pleiotropy01:33

Pleiotropy

Pleiotropy is the phenomenon in which a single gene impacts multiple, seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits. For example, defects in the SOX10 gene cause Waardenburg Syndrome Type 4, or WS4, which can cause defects in pigmentation, hearing impairments, and an absence of intestinal contractions necessary for elimination. This diversity of phenotypes results from the expression pattern of SOX10 in early embryonic and fetal development. SOX10 is found in neural crest cells that form melanocytes,...
Channel Rhodopsins01:11

Channel Rhodopsins

Most organisms use photoreceptors to sense and respond to light. Examples of photoreceptors include bacteriorhodopsins and bacteriophytochromes in some bacteria, phytochromes in plants, and rhodopsins in the photoreceptor cells of the vertebral retina. The light-sensitive property of these receptors is because of the bound chromophores, such as bilin in the phytochromes and retinal in the rhodopsins.
Rhodopsins belong to the family of cell surface proteins called G-protein coupled receptors,...

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Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Prediction and Validation of Gene Regulatory Elements Activated During Retinoic Acid Induced Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation
09:07

Prediction and Validation of Gene Regulatory Elements Activated During Retinoic Acid Induced Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation

Published on: June 21, 2016

The Rhox genes.

James A MacLean1, Miles F Wilkinson

  • 1Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.

Reproduction (Cambridge, England)
|May 1, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Rhox genes are crucial transcription factors in embryogenesis and reproduction. This review covers their regulation, function, and rapid evolution, focusing on Rhox5.

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Chromatin Isolation by RNA Purification (ChIRP)
11:09

Chromatin Isolation by RNA Purification (ChIRP)

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Prediction and Validation of Gene Regulatory Elements Activated During Retinoic Acid Induced Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation
09:07

Prediction and Validation of Gene Regulatory Elements Activated During Retinoic Acid Induced Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation

Published on: June 21, 2016

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Chromatin Isolation by RNA Purification (ChIRP)
11:09

Chromatin Isolation by RNA Purification (ChIRP)

Published on: March 25, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Genetics
  • Reproductive Biology

Background:

  • Homeobox genes are vital transcription factors controlling embryonic development.
  • The Rhox (Reproductive homeobox) gene cluster, located on the X chromosome, plays roles in embryogenesis and adult reproductive tissues.
  • Related genes, Arx and Esx1, are also involved but have relocated from the primordial cluster.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize current knowledge on the regulation and function of the Rhox gene cluster and related genes.
  • To highlight the role of these genes in embryogenesis and gametogenesis.
  • To discuss the evolutionary dynamics of the Rhox gene cluster.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on Rhox gene cluster and related genes.
  • Analysis of gene expression patterns during embryogenesis and in reproductive tissues.
  • Examination of evolutionary data for the Rhox gene cluster.

Main Results:

  • The Rhox gene cluster comprises 33 genes in mice, primarily on the X chromosome.
  • Rhox genes are expressed during both embryonic development and in adult reproductive systems.
  • Rhox5 (Pem) is the most studied gene within the cluster, with significant roles identified.

Conclusions:

  • Rhox genes are key regulators in development and reproduction.
  • The Rhox cluster has undergone rapid and significant evolutionary changes.
  • Further research into Rhox gene function and regulation is warranted for understanding reproductive biology.