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Related Concept Videos

Redox Titration: Overview01:21

Redox Titration: Overview

Redox titration is a chemical analysis technique used to determine the concentration of an unknown substance by measuring the electron transfer in a redox (reduction-oxidation) reaction. The process involves gradually adding a titrant with a known concentration of an oxidizing or reducing agent, to the analyte, the solution with an unknown concentration, until reaching the endpoint, which indicates the completion of the reaction between the two substances. Ensuring the analyte is in a single...
Redox Titration: Other Oxidizing and Reducing Agents01:26

Redox Titration: Other Oxidizing and Reducing Agents

Besides iodine, other oxidizing or reducing agents can serve as titrants in redox titrations. Common oxidizing titrants include KMnO4, cerium(IV), and K2Cr2O7. The choice of oxidizing titrants depends on factors like stability, cost, analyte strength, and reaction rate between the analyte and titrant. KMnO4 is a strong oxidizing titrant that reduces from Mn(VII) to Mn(II) in a highly acidic solution, simultaneously oxidizing the analyte to a higher oxidation state. In this case, KMnO4 acts as a...
Redox Reactions01:24

Redox Reactions

Oxidation-reduction or redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one molecule or atom to another. When an atom gains an electron, another atom must lose an electron, meaning oxidation and reduction must occur together. Since the redox occurs in pairs, the atom that gets oxidized is also called the reducing agent or reductant, and the atom that is reduced is also called the oxidizing agent or oxidant. A straightforward way to remember the definitions of oxidation and reduction is...
Voltammetric Techniques: Cyclic Voltammetry01:10

Voltammetric Techniques: Cyclic Voltammetry

Cyclic voltammetry (CV) is an electrochemical technique used to investigate the redox properties of a chemical species. It involves measuring the current response of an electrochemical cell as a function of the applied potential. The setup for cyclic voltammetry typically consists of a working electrode, a reference electrode, and a counter electrode—all immersed in an electrolyte solution. The working electrode is where the redox reaction of interest occurs, while the reference electrode...
Precipitation Titration: Endpoint Detection Methods01:19

Precipitation Titration: Endpoint Detection Methods

In argentometric precipitation titrations, endpoints can be detected visually by the Mohr, Volhard, and Fajans methods. In the Mohr method, adding a soluble chromate indicator gives an initial yellow color to the analyte solution. As the titrant is added, the first excess of silver ions forms a red silver chromate precipitate, marking the endpoint. The solution pH should be maintained at about 8 by adding solid CaCO3.
In the Volhard method, a standard excess of AgNO3 is first added to the...
Redox Titration: Iodimetry and Iodometry01:23

Redox Titration: Iodimetry and Iodometry

Iodometry and iodimetry are analytical methods used to determine the concentration of oxidizing or reducing agents using iodine. In iodometric titrations, the oxidizing analyte solution is usually acidified and treated with an excess of iodide ions, which generates an equivalent amount of iodine in equilibrium with triiodide. The released iodine is subsequently titrated directly against a standardized reducing agent. As the dilute iodine color becomes pale yellow, a few drops of freshly...

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Imaging Approaches to Assessments of Toxicological Oxidative Stress Using Genetically-encoded Fluorogenic Sensors
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A thionine-based reversible redox sensor in a sequential injection system.

Marieta L C Passos1, M Lúcia M F S Saraiva, José L F C Lima

  • 1REQUIMTE, Serviço de Química-Física, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Aníbal Cunha, 164, 4099-030 Porto, Portugal.

Analytica Chimica Acta
|May 12, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A novel flow-through optosensor automatically monitors glucose using a thionine redox indicator. This green analytical chemistry method offers improved performance for detecting glucose in various biological and medical samples.

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Green Chemistry
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Growing demand for Green Analytical Chemistry principles.
  • Need for reduced reagent consumption and enhanced analytical performance.
  • Enzymatic redox reactions require precise monitoring.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Develop an automatic methodology for glucose monitoring.
  • Utilize a flow-through optosensor with solid-phase spectrophotometric detection.
  • Implement Green Analytical Chemistry principles in glucose analysis.

Main Methods:

  • Developed an automatic flow-through optosensor system.
  • Immobilized thionine redox indicator on gel beads within a flow-through cell.
  • Assembled the sensor into a sequential injection system for automated analysis.
  • Employed glucose dehydrogenase for enzymatic redox catalysis, monitoring NADH production via color change.

Main Results:

  • The sensor demonstrated effective monitoring of enzymatic redox reactions.
  • Linear calibration graph for glucose obtained between 5.74 x 10(-4) and 2.00 x 10(-3) mol L(-1).
  • Achieved a detection limit of 1.72 x 10(-4) mol L(-1) for glucose.
  • Successfully determined glucose concentration in diverse samples (sera, salines, hemodialysis solutions).
  • Method showed high reproducibility with relative standard deviation (RSD) < 5%.

Conclusions:

  • The developed flow-through optosensor is an excellent alternative for automatic monitoring of enzymatic redox reactions.
  • The method aligns with Green Analytical Chemistry demands for efficiency and reduced reagent use.
  • The system provides accurate and reproducible glucose determination in various complex matrices.