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Catalysis

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.

Catalysis

Catalysis

Catalysis influences the rate of chemical reactions by providing an alternative reaction pathway with lower activation energy. A catalyst speeds up a reaction, but it is not consumed during the process. The fundamental principle of catalysis is the ability of a catalyst to alter the reaction mechanism, often introducing a more efficient pathway than the uncatalyzed process.In a catalyzed reaction, the catalyst participates directly in the reaction mechanism. It interacts with reactants to form...

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.

Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Hydroboration-Oxidation

Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Hydroboration-Oxidation

Introduction
One of the convenient methods for the preparation of aldehydes and ketones is via hydration of alkynes. Hydroboration-oxidation of alkynes is an indirect hydration reaction in which an alkyne is treated with borane followed by oxidation with alkaline peroxide to form an enol that rapidly converts into an aldehyde or a ketone. Terminal alkynes form aldehydes, whereas internal alkynes give ketones as the final product.

Rate-Determining Steps

Rate-Determining Steps

Relating Reaction Mechanisms
In a multistep reaction mechanism, one of the elementary steps progresses significantly slower than the others. This slowest step is called the rate-limiting step (or rate-determining step). A reaction cannot proceed faster than its slowest step, and hence, the rate-determining step limits the overall reaction rate.
The concept of rate-determining step can be understood from the analogy of a 4-lane freeway with a short-stretch of traffic-bottleneck caused due to...

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Chemical Precipitation Method for the Synthesis of Nb2O5 Modified Bulk Nickel Catalysts with High Specific Surface Area

Chemical Precipitation Method for the Synthesis of Nb₂O₅ Modified Bulk Nickel Catalysts with High Specific Surface Area

Published on: February 19, 2018

Nickel-borate oxygen-evolving catalyst that functions under benign conditions.

Mircea Dincă¹, Yogesh Surendranath, Daniel G Nocera

¹Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307, USA.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

|May 12, 2010

Summary

Researchers developed thin nickel-borate (Ni-B(i)) catalyst films for electrocatalytic water oxidation. These films offer similar performance to cobalt catalysts, presenting a viable alternative for solar energy conversion applications.

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Area of Science:

Electrochemistry
Materials Science
Renewable Energy

Background:

Electrocatalytic water oxidation is crucial for renewable energy technologies like solar fuel production.
Cobalt-based catalysts have shown promise but alternatives are sought for cost and availability.
Developing efficient and stable electrocatalysts is key to advancing water splitting technologies.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the electrocatalytic water oxidation properties of nickel-borate (Ni-B(i)) thin films.
To explore the electrodeposition of Ni-B(i) films from dilute Ni(2+) solutions.
To evaluate Ni-B(i) as a potential alternative to cobalt catalysts in solar energy conversion.

Main Methods:

Electrochemical deposition of thin catalyst films from dilute Ni(2+) solutions in a borate electrolyte at pH 9.2.
Characterization of film properties and electrocatalytic activity for water oxidation.
Performance evaluation at modest overpotentials.

Main Results:

Successfully electrodeposited thin Ni-B(i) catalyst films with controllable thickness.
Achieved electrocatalytic water oxidation properties comparable to a recently reported Co-based catalyst.
Demonstrated stable operation at modest overpotentials.

Conclusions:

Ni-B(i) thin films are a promising electrocatalyst for water oxidation.
Electrodeposition offers precise control over film properties.
Ni-B(i) presents a viable alternative to Co catalysts for solar energy conversion applications.