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Related Concept Videos

Van der Waals Interactions01:24

Van der Waals Interactions

Atoms and molecules interact with each other through intermolecular forces. These electrostatic forces arise from attractive or repulsive interactions between particles with permanent, partial, or temporary charges. The intermolecular forces between neutral atoms and molecules are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, and dispersion forces, collectively known as van der Waals forces.Polar molecules have a partial positive charge on one end and a partial negative charge on the other end of the molecule,...
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Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion...
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A neutral atom consists of a positively charged nucleus surrounded by a negatively charged electron cloud. When placed in an external electric field, the external electric force pulls the electrons and nucleus apart, opposite to the intrinsic attraction between the nucleus and the electrons. The opposing forces balance each other with a slight shift between the center of masses of the nucleus and the electron cloud, resulting in a polarized atom. On the other hand, a few molecules, like water,...
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An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids
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Surface instability driven by dipole-dipole interactions in a granular layer.

Daniel Lopez1, François Pétrélis

  • 1Laboratoire de Physique Statistique, Ecole Normale Supérieure, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France.

Physical Review Letters
|May 21, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A layer of grains with dipolar forces becomes unstable, forming peaks when gravity competes with interactions. Fluctuations influence peak amplitude and delay spatial ordering in this granular system.

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Granular Materials Science

Background:

  • Granular materials exhibit complex behaviors influenced by inter-particle forces.
  • The interplay between gravity and tunable interactions can lead to emergent instabilities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the instability in a layer of grains driven by dipolar forces.
  • To analyze the role of fluctuations on the instability dynamics and spatial organization.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical modeling of a granular layer with tunable dipolar interactions.
  • Analysis of the competition between gravitational force and inter-grain forces.
  • Examination of the effects of fluctuations on instability and ordering.

Main Results:

  • An instability arises above a critical interaction intensity, causing a flat layer to form peaks.
  • Fluctuations promote instability, with peak amplitude scaling like a supercritical instability order parameter.
  • Fluctuations also hinder spatial ordering, delaying the appearance of ordered structures.

Conclusions:

  • The competition between gravity and dipolar interactions drives surface instability in granular layers.
  • Fluctuations play a dual role, facilitating instability while impeding spatial ordering.
  • This system provides a model for understanding pattern formation in driven granular media.