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Related Concept Videos

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
In contrast, regions which code...
Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
In contrast, regions which code...
Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
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Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

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Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.

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Single Nucleotide Polymorphism-sensitive FISH Detection of Locus-specific Ribosomal RNA Transcription in Drosophila melanogaster
04:59

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism-sensitive FISH Detection of Locus-specific Ribosomal RNA Transcription in Drosophila melanogaster

Published on: March 28, 2025

Recent insights into R gene evolution.

John M McDowell1, Stacey A Simon

  • 1Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, and Fralin Biotechnology Center, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0346, USA.

Molecular Plant Pathology
|May 29, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Plant resistance (R) genes, particularly nucleotide binding-leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR) types, evolve through complex mechanisms including gene duplication and recombination. Their evolution is shaped by pathogen interactions and environmental factors, leading to diverse evolutionary paths.

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Studying Ribonucleotide Incorporation: Strand-specific Detection of Ribonucleotides in the Yeast Genome and Measuring Ribonucleotide-induced Mutagenesis

Published on: July 26, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Plant pathology
  • Evolutionary genetics
  • Molecular biology

Background:

  • Plant immune responses rely on resistance (R) genes to detect pathogen avirulence (Avr) determinants.
  • Nucleotide binding-leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR) proteins are a major class of R proteins crucial for plant defense.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms driving the evolution of NB-LRR resistance genes.
  • To explore the selective forces and genomic factors influencing NB-LRR gene evolution.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative genomics to survey NB-LRR diversity across species.
  • Analysis of R protein structure-function relationships, including intramolecular interactions.
  • Investigation of genomic distribution and recombination patterns of NB-LRR genes.
  • Review of population genetic studies on R gene allelic diversity.

Main Results:

  • NB-LRR proteins can detect Avr proteins indirectly via 'guarding' virulence targets.
  • Intramolecular interactions regulate R protein signaling.
  • Ancient NB-LRR lineages show unequal representation, supporting a Birth and Death evolutionary model.
  • Gene duplication (tandem and segmental) and recombination are key to NB-LRR proliferation, often occurring in clusters.
  • Environmental factors can influence recombination rates and genome stability.
  • Balancing selection maintains allelic diversity for some R genes, despite potential fitness costs.

Conclusions:

  • NB-LRR gene evolution is complex, influenced by molecular mechanisms, genomic processes, and selective pressures.
  • Diverse evolutionary trajectories exist for different R genes, challenging universal evolutionary models.
  • Understanding NB-LRR evolution is critical for improving plant disease resistance strategies.