Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Combinatorial Gene Control02:33

Combinatorial Gene Control

Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
The expression of more than 30,000 genes is controlled by approximately 2000-3000 transcription factors. This is possible because a single transcription factor can recognize more than one regulatory sequence. The specificity in gene...
Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
Pleiotropy01:33

Pleiotropy

Pleiotropy is the phenomenon in which a single gene impacts multiple, seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits. For example, defects in the SOX10 gene cause Waardenburg Syndrome Type 4, or WS4, which can cause defects in pigmentation, hearing impairments, and an absence of intestinal contractions necessary for elimination. This diversity of phenotypes results from the expression pattern of SOX10 in early embryonic and fetal development. SOX10 is found in neural crest cells that form melanocytes,...
Hedgehog Signaling Pathway02:33

Hedgehog Signaling Pathway

The Hedgehog gene (Hh) was first discovered due to its control of the growth of disorganized, hair-like bristles phenotype in Drosophila, much like hedgehog spines. Hh plays a crucial role in the development of organs and the maintenance of homeostasis in both invertebrates and vertebrates. However, while Drosophila has only one Hh protein, mammals have multiple functional Hedgehog proteins - Sonic (Shh), Desert (Dhh), and Indian Hedgehog (Ihh). All of these homologous proteins have adapted to...
Zygotic Development And Stem Cell Formation01:10

Zygotic Development And Stem Cell Formation

The development of all multicellular organisms starts with the fusion of haploid cells called sperm and egg to form a diploid zygote. A zygote is a totipotent cell that can develop into a complete organism. The zygote undergoes cell division or cleavage to form an 8-cell mass. Until this stage, the cells are spherical, loosely attached, and remain totipotent. Totipotent cells are capable of developing both the embryonic and the extraembryonic tissues. However, as they continue to divide, they...
Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Identification and Quantification of Acylated Homoserine Lactones in Shewanella baltica, the Specific Spoilage Organism of Pseudosciaena crocea, by Ultrahigh-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry.

Journal of agricultural and food chemistry·2017
Same author

Comparison of humoral and T-cell-mediated immune responses to a single dose of Bovela<sup>®</sup> live double deleted BVDV vaccine or to a field BVDV strain.

Veterinary immunology and immunopathology·2017
Same author

[Expression of Aurora Family Genes in Acute Leukemia and Its Clinical Significance].

Zhongguo shi yan xue ye xue za zhi·2017
Same author

Pig has no uncoupling protein 1.

Biochemical and biophysical research communications·2017
Same author

Effects of various weaning times on growth performance, rumen fermentation and microbial population of yellow cattle calves.

Asian-Australasian journal of animal sciences·2017
Same author

Absence of PTHrP nuclear localization and C-terminus sequences leads to abnormal development of T cells.

Biochimie·2017
Same journal

Conditional Immortalization of Human Cardiac Fibroblasts for Pro-Fibrotic and Anti-Fibrotic Drug Screening.

Frontiers in bioscience (Landmark edition)·2026
Same journal

NF-κB Involvement in Glaucoma-Associated Neuroinflammation: Focus on Glial Cells.

Frontiers in bioscience (Landmark edition)·2026
Same journal

Revealing the Molecular Network of Pattern-Triggered Immunity (PTI) Signal Transduction.

Frontiers in bioscience (Landmark edition)·2026
Same journal

Decoding Immune Mechanisms in BCG-unresponsive Non-muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer.

Frontiers in bioscience (Landmark edition)·2026
Same journal

β-Ecdysterone Attenuates Ang II-Induced Senescence in Human Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells via Autophagy Activation and ROS Suppression Through AKT/mTOR Pathway Inhibition.

Frontiers in bioscience (Landmark edition)·2026
Same journal

Exploration of the Role of M2 Macrophages in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Insights into Disulfidptosis and Cellular Interactions.

Frontiers in bioscience (Landmark edition)·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Three and Four-Dimensional Visualization and Analysis Approaches to Study Vertebrate Axial Elongation and Segmentation
12:59

Three and Four-Dimensional Visualization and Analysis Approaches to Study Vertebrate Axial Elongation and Segmentation

Published on: February 28, 2021

Polycomb group proteins are essential for spinal cord development.

Chong Wang1, Jian-Jun Zhao, Cai-Ling Lu

  • 1Graduate school of Peking Union Medical College, Number 5 Dong Dan San Tiao, Beijing 100005, China.

Frontiers in Bioscience (Landmark Edition)
|June 3, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Polycomb proteins are crucial for spinal cord development. This study found altered expression of these proteins in rat models of neural tube defects (NTD), suggesting their involvement in birth defects like spina bifida.

More Related Videos

Dissection and Lateral Mounting of Zebrafish Embryos: Analysis of Spinal Cord Development
05:36

Dissection and Lateral Mounting of Zebrafish Embryos: Analysis of Spinal Cord Development

Published on: February 28, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Three and Four-Dimensional Visualization and Analysis Approaches to Study Vertebrate Axial Elongation and Segmentation
12:59

Three and Four-Dimensional Visualization and Analysis Approaches to Study Vertebrate Axial Elongation and Segmentation

Published on: February 28, 2021

Dissection and Lateral Mounting of Zebrafish Embryos: Analysis of Spinal Cord Development
05:36

Dissection and Lateral Mounting of Zebrafish Embryos: Analysis of Spinal Cord Development

Published on: February 28, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Genetics
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Birth defects, including neural tube defects (NTDs) like spina bifida, are a major cause of infant mortality.
  • NTDs result from complex genetic and environmental factors.
  • Polycomb group proteins (PcGs) are vital for vertebrate development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of Polycomb group proteins (PcGs) in spinal cord development.
  • To examine PcG expression in normal and retinoic acid (RA)-induced spina bifida rat models.

Main Methods:

  • Pregnant rats were administered all-trans-retinoic acid (RA) to induce fetal NTDs.
  • Embryos were collected at specific developmental stages (15.5, 17.5, 19.5 days).
  • Western blot and immunohistochemistry were used to analyze PcG protein expression in rat sacral cords.

Main Results:

  • A decrease in EED, RNF2, SUZ12, and H3K27me3 expression was observed in normal developing rat sacral cords.
  • Altered PcG protein expression patterns were detected in the spinal cords of RA-treated rats.
  • Excess RA administration led to NTDs in fetal rats.

Conclusions:

  • Polycomb group proteins (PcGs) appear to play a significant role in spinal cord morphogenesis.
  • Disruptions in PcG expression may contribute to the development of neural tube defects.