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Related Concept Videos

The Micturition Reflex01:26

The Micturition Reflex

Urination, or micturition involves the coordination of the bladder's detrusor muscle and two sphincters to ensure controlled bladder emptying.
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Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra01:19

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The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...
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Urinary Bladder01:23

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Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management01:30

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...
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Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management

Procedures for Kidney StonesMedical intervention is necessary when kidney stones or renal calculi are too large to pass spontaneously (typically greater than 5 millimeters) when stones are accompanied by symptomatic infection (such as fever or pyelonephritis), when they impair kidney function, or when they cause persistent symptoms like severe pain, nausea, or urinary retention. Additionally, patients with only one kidney or those who cannot be treated with medical management also require...

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Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Ultrasonography of the Adult Male Urinary Tract for Urinary Functional Testing
05:25

Ultrasonography of the Adult Male Urinary Tract for Urinary Functional Testing

Published on: August 14, 2019

Achieving urinary continence in children.

Hsi-Yang Wu1

  • 1Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, S-287, Stanford, CA 94305-5118, USA. hwu2@stanford.edu

Nature Reviews. Urology
|June 10, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Toilet training is a developmental milestone influenced by cultural practices and child readiness. Current research lacks controlled studies comparing early versus late toilet training to assess its impact on urinary continence.

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Last Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Ultrasonography of the Adult Male Urinary Tract for Urinary Functional Testing
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Published on: June 16, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Pediatrics
  • Developmental Biology
  • Urology

Background:

  • Urinary continence is a key developmental milestone achieved with parental assistance.
  • Cultural norms vary significantly regarding the optimal age for toilet training, from infancy in some cultures to 2-3 years in Western societies.
  • Infant voiding involves brain relay of bladder filling sensations, with inhibitory control and coordinated voiding maturing over time.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the ongoing debate regarding the optimal timing for initiating toilet training.
  • To address concerns about potential links between later toilet training and increased childhood urinary incontinence.
  • To highlight the influence of child developmental readiness and parental expectations on the toilet training process.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on toilet training practices and developmental milestones.
  • Discussion of the neurological maturation involved in bladder control.
  • Consideration of medical conditions impacting toilet training and continence.

Main Results:

  • No controlled studies currently exist to definitively evaluate the hypothesis that later toilet training increases urinary incontinence.
  • The ability to inhibit bladder contractions and achieve coordinated voiding matures gradually.
  • Various medical conditions (e.g., spina bifida, cerebral palsy, autism) can complicate toilet training.

Conclusions:

  • The decision to commence toilet training should balance parental expectations with the child's developmental readiness.
  • Further controlled research is needed to ascertain the effects of different toilet training timelines on continence.
  • A realistic approach to toilet training acknowledges individual child development and potential medical factors.