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X-ray Imaging01:24

X-ray Imaging

German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with X-rays, and by 1900, X-ray was widely...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Dynamic Pore-scale Reservoir-condition Imaging of Reaction in Carbonates Using Synchrotron Fast Tomography
10:18

Dynamic Pore-scale Reservoir-condition Imaging of Reaction in Carbonates Using Synchrotron Fast Tomography

Published on: February 21, 2017

High throughput x-ray optics: an overview.

P Gorenstein

    Applied Optics
    |June 10, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary

    Future x-ray astronomy missions require more powerful focusing telescopes for spectroscopy. New fabrication techniques may enable the construction of advanced modular telescope arrays for enhanced observations.

    Area of Science:

    • X-ray astronomy
    • Telescope technology
    • Spectroscopy

    Background:

    • 1990s x-ray astronomy missions aim for greater collecting power than the Einstein Observatory.
    • Increasing emphasis on high-resolution spectroscopy necessitates advanced instrumentation.
    • ESA's XMM observatory will be the largest mission with 10(4) cm(2) effective area.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To identify the need for a high-throughput x-ray facility.
    • To outline requirements for future x-ray telescopes.
    • To explore enabling fabrication technologies for advanced x-ray optics.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of current and planned x-ray astronomy missions.
    • Analysis of spectroscopic observation requirements.
    • Evaluation of emerging x-ray telescope fabrication techniques.

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    Last Updated: Jun 12, 2026

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    Main Results:

    • A need exists for a facility with over 10(5) cm(2) effective area and 20-arcsec resolution.
    • Several fabrication techniques show promise for creating large-area, high-resolution x-ray telescopes.
    • Modular telescope arrays are a likely outcome of these advancements.

    Conclusions:

    • Advanced x-ray telescopes are crucial for future scientific studies, including QSO spectroscopy.
    • Developing fabrication techniques are key to achieving the required performance.
    • Modular telescope designs will enable unprecedented collecting area and resolution.