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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Imaging01:24

X-ray Imaging

German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with X-rays, and by 1900, X-ray was widely...
Scanning Electron Microscopy01:07

Scanning Electron Microscopy

A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to study the surface features of a sample by using an electron beam that scans the sample surface in a two-dimensional manner. Typically, areas between ~1 centimeter to 5 micrometers in width can be imaged. SEM can be used to image bacteria, viruses, tissues as well as larger samples like insects. Conventional SEM gives a magnification ranging from 20X to 30,000X and spatial resolution of 50 to 100 nanometers.
Fundamental Principles
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Using Neutron Spin Echo Resolved Grazing Incidence Scattering to Investigate Organic Solar Cell Materials
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Grazing incidence imaging from 10 to 40 keV.

M Elvis, D G Fabricant, P Gorenstein

    Applied Optics
    |June 10, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary

    High reflectivity grazing incidence optics for 10-40 keV X-ray imaging were explored. Iridium-coated glass mirrors show promising performance, approaching theoretical values for future space telescopes.

    Area of Science:

    • X-ray astronomy
    • Grazing incidence optics
    • Materials science

    Background:

    • Grazing incidence optics are crucial for focusing X-rays in astronomical imaging.
    • Current mirror technologies face limitations in reflectivity and performance at higher X-ray energies.
    • Explorer class missions require advanced optics for high-energy observations.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To explore the feasibility of imaging X-rays at 10-40 keV using grazing incidence optics.
    • To review the scientific rationale and existing laboratory measurements for high-energy X-ray optics.
    • To evaluate potential mirror materials for improved reflectivity and performance.

    Main Methods:

    • Reviewed scientific literature and laboratory measurements on grazing incidence optics.

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  • Measured reflectivity of iridium-coated float glass and gold-coated mirrors at various grazing angles and X-ray energies (8, 17, 26 keV).
  • Assessed mirror performance against theoretical predictions.

    • Main Results:

    • Iridium-coated float glass demonstrated improved reflectivity over gold, aligning with theoretical predictions.
    • Both materials exhibited lower absolute reflectivity than theoretically expected, potentially due to deposition methods affecting layer density.
    • High reflectivity (>50%) was achieved with iridium-coated glass at grazing angles up to 33, 16, and 11 arcmin at 8, 17, and 26 keV, respectively.

    Conclusions:

    • Iridium-coated float glass is a viable material for high-energy X-ray imaging optics.
    • Measured reflectivity values are close to theoretical predictions, indicating the potential for effective high-energy X-ray telescopes.
    • A design for an Explorer class high-energy imaging telescope utilizing these optics is presented.