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Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Cystometric and External Urethral Sphincter Measurements in Awake Rats with Implanted Catheter and Electrodes Allowing for Repeated Measurements
Published on: January 30, 2018
Effects of periurethral neuromuscular electrical stimulation on the voiding frequency in rats
Yingchun Zhang1, Andrew D Bicek, Guangjian Wang
1Department of Urologic Surgery, University of Minnesota, 748 Mayo Memorial Building, 420 Delaware Street S.E, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. zhang320@umn.edu
Introduction And Hypothesis:
This study aims to test the hypothesis that a urethra-to-bladder inhibitory pathway exists through which periurethral neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) inhibits overactive bladder contractions in rats.
Methods:
Bladder overactivity was induced in 22 female Sprague Dawley rats by injection of ketamine/xylazine/acepromizine (K/X/A). A bipolar electrode was placed surgically in the periurethral region to deliver NMES. Intravesical pressure, bladder inter-contraction interval (ICI) and voided volume (VV) were monitored while the bladder was continuously infused with saline.
Results:
K/X/A induced more frequent bladder contractions (ICI = 48.6 +/- 20.1 s, before cutting the pubo-symphasis) compared to a 10-min ICI induced by urethane. NMES significantly increased ICI (63.1 +/- 31.3 s before vs. 97.2 +/- 42.9 s after NMES, p < 0.001) and VV (0.063 = 0.041 ml before vs. 0.088 = 0.044 ml after NMES, p < 0.02).
Conclusions:
Injection of K/X/A may potentially be used as a model of bladder overactivity. NMES inhibits bladder contractions in rats with bladder overactivity, which supports the existence of a urethra-to-bladder inhibitory pathway.
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