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Measuring Spatially- and Directionally-varying Light Scattering from Biological Material
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Material and lighting dimensions of object colour.

Rumi Tokunaga1, Alexander D Logvinenko

  • 1Department of Vision Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, City Campus, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK.

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Object color perception is typically three-dimensional. However, this study reveals that variegated illumination introduces three additional "lighting dimensions," expanding our understanding of the object color manifold.

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Area of Science:

  • Visual perception
  • Color science
  • Psychophysics

Background:

  • The object color space is widely accepted as being three-dimensional.
  • Perceptual dissimilarities between colors can be mapped in a Euclidean space.
  • Multidimensional scaling (MDS) is a technique used to visualize these relationships.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the dimensionality of the object color manifold under different illumination conditions.
  • To determine if additional dimensions emerge beyond the traditional material dimensions of object color.
  • To introduce and define the concept of 'lighting dimensions' of object color.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized multidimensional scaling (MDS) to analyze a set of colored papers.
  • Represented colored papers as configurations in Euclidean space based on perceptual dissimilarities.
  • Examined color configurations under both even and variegated illumination.

Main Results:

  • Under even illumination, colored papers formed a three-dimensional configuration, consistent with existing theories.
  • Under variegated illumination, an additional three dimensions emerged in the color configuration.
  • These emergent dimensions were termed 'lighting dimensions'.

Conclusions:

  • The object color manifold is not strictly three-dimensional under all conditions.
  • Variegated illumination introduces new perceptual dimensions related to lighting.
  • Distinguishes between 'material dimensions' (inherent color properties) and 'lighting dimensions' (illumination effects).