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Updated: Jun 12, 2026
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Assessment of Social Cognition in Non-human Primates Using a Network of Computerized Automated Learning Device (ALDM) Test Systems
Published on: May 5, 2015
Consolation as possible expression of sympathetic concern among chimpanzees
Teresa Romero1, Miguel A Castellanos, Frans B M de Waal
1Living Links, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. mromer2@emory.edu
Summary
Chimpanzees console victims of aggression, supporting the empathy hypothesis. This behavior is more common between socially close individuals and females, with high-ranking males acting as peacekeepers.
Area of Science:
- Primate behavior
- Animal cognition
- Social behavior
Background:
- Chimpanzees exhibit consolation behavior towards aggression victims.
- This behavior in humans is linked to empathy and reduces distress.
Purpose of the Study:
- To test further predictions of the empathy hypothesis in chimpanzee consolation.
- To investigate factors influencing consolation behavior in chimpanzees using a large dataset.
Main Methods:
- Analysis of a large database of spontaneous consolation events in chimpanzees.
- Utilized generalized linear mixed models to control for multiple variables.
- Examined patterns of consolation based on social closeness, sex, and rank.
Main Results:
- Consolation occurred more frequently between kin and affiliation partners.
- Females were more likely to console than males, aligning with human empathy patterns.
- High-ranking males frequently consoled victims, potentially for social policing.
- Consolation was more frequent when reconciliation did not occur between opponents.
- Consolation was often reciprocated, indicating its role in relationships.
Conclusions:
- Findings support the empathy hypothesis for chimpanzee consolation.
- Social bonds, sex, and dominance influence consolation behavior.
- Consolation is an integral part of chimpanzee social relationships and distress alleviation.
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