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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...
Yellow Fever01:18

Yellow Fever

Yellow fever is a viral hemorrhagic disease caused by the yellow fever virus (YFV), a member of the Flaviviridae family. It is transmitted primarily by Aedes and Haemagogus mosquitoes in tropical and subtropical regions of Africa and South America. After transmission through a mosquito bite, the virus initially replicates in skin-resident immune cells such as dendritic cells and macrophages. These cells then migrate to the lymph nodes, where viral replication increases, eventually leading to...
Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks
10:28

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks

Published on: June 26, 2020

The two faces of hepatitis E virus.

Eyasu H Teshale1, Dale J Hu, Scott D Holmberg

  • 1National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA. eht4@cdc.gov

Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America
|June 25, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes widespread disease, with genotype 1 leading to severe outbreaks in developing nations and genotype 3 causing milder, often asymptomatic infections in developed countries. Further research and interventions are crucial for this underappreciated global health threat.

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Surface Functionalization of Hepatitis E Virus Nanoparticles Using Chemical Conjugation Methods
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Surface Functionalization of Hepatitis E Virus Nanoparticles Using Chemical Conjugation Methods

Published on: May 11, 2018

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Last Updated: Jun 12, 2026

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks
10:28

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Published on: June 26, 2020

Surface Functionalization of Hepatitis E Virus Nanoparticles Using Chemical Conjugation Methods
09:12

Surface Functionalization of Hepatitis E Virus Nanoparticles Using Chemical Conjugation Methods

Published on: May 11, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Hepatitis E virus (HEV) presents distinct epidemiological patterns globally.
  • Genotype 1 HEV is associated with large outbreaks and high mortality in developing countries, particularly affecting pregnant women and children.
  • Genotype 3 HEV is prevalent in developed countries, often causing asymptomatic or mild infections with frequent seroreactivity in the general population.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the dual epidemiological profiles of Hepatitis E virus.
  • To underscore the need for increased research and public health initiatives concerning HEV.
  • To advocate for the development and accessibility of HEV vaccines and diagnostic tools.

Main Methods:

  • Review of epidemiological data on HEV outbreaks and seroprevalence.
  • Analysis of disease burden associated with different HEV genotypes.
  • Assessment of current public health strategies and interventions for HEV.

Main Results:

  • HEV exhibits two main epidemiological patterns: genotype 1 causing severe epidemics and genotype 3 causing sporadic, often asymptomatic cases.
  • Significant morbidity and mortality are linked to HEV genotype 1 in vulnerable populations.
  • Widespread seroreactivity to HEV genotype 3 is observed in asymptomatic individuals in developed nations.

Conclusions:

  • Hepatitis E virus is a significant global health concern requiring greater attention.
  • Enhanced epidemiological surveillance and targeted public health interventions are necessary.
  • Development and approval of HEV vaccines and reliable serological assays are critical for disease control.