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Related Concept Videos

Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse
04:14

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse

Published on: October 6, 2023

Thyroid function and human reproductive health.

G E Krassas1, K Poppe, D Glinoer

  • 1Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Panagia General Hospital, N. Plastira 22, N. Krini, 55132 Thessaloniki, Greece. krassas@the.forthnet.gr

Endocrine Reviews
|June 25, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Normal thyroid function is crucial for reproduction in both men and women. Thyroid dysfunction, including hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, can lead to reproductive issues and pregnancy complications.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 12, 2026

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse
04:14

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse

Published on: October 6, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Reproductive Medicine

Background:

  • Normal thyroid hormone levels are essential for maintaining reproductive health in both males and females.
  • Thyroid dysfunction, characterized by hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism, consistently alters sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and sex steroids.
  • These hormonal changes have been linked to various reproductive abnormalities for decades.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the impact of thyroid dysfunction on male and female reproduction.
  • To examine the effects of thyroid disorders on fertility and pregnancy outcomes.
  • To explore the interplay between thyroid hormones and assisted reproductive technologies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies investigating thyroid function and reproductive health.
  • Analysis of clinical data on male and female reproductive parameters in thyroid dysfunction.
  • Examination of pregnancy outcomes in women with thyroid abnormalities.

Main Results:

  • Both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism adversely affect male reproduction, causing erectile dysfunction, abnormal sperm motility (thyrotoxicosis), and morphology (hypothyroidism).
  • Female reproductive disturbances include menstrual irregularities like hypomenorrhea and oligomenorrhea.
  • Thyroid dysfunction is associated with reduced fertility and adverse pregnancy outcomes, including spontaneous abortion, premature delivery, and low birth weight, particularly in overt hypothyroidism.

Conclusions:

  • Thyroid function significantly influences reproductive health and fertility.
  • Management of thyroid dysfunction is critical for optimizing reproductive outcomes and ensuring healthy pregnancies.
  • Further research is needed to clarify the effects of subclinical hypothyroidism on obstetrical complications.