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Related Concept Videos

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Identification of OTX1 and OTX2 As Two Possible Molecular Markers for Sinonasal Carcinomas and Olfactory Neuroblastomas
07:00

Identification of OTX1 and OTX2 As Two Possible Molecular Markers for Sinonasal Carcinomas and Olfactory Neuroblastomas

Published on: February 28, 2019

Olfactory neuroblastoma.

Lester D R Thompson1

  • 1Department of Pathology, Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Woodland Hills Medical Center, 5601 De Soto Avenue, Woodland Hills, CA 91365, USA. Lester.D.Thompson@kp.org

Head and Neck Pathology
|July 3, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma and olfactory neuroblastoma are rare malignant tumors requiring unique management. Pathologists must recognize these distinct neoplasms due to diagnostic challenges and specialized treatment approaches.

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Identification of OTX1 and OTX2 As Two Possible Molecular Markers for Sinonasal Carcinomas and Olfactory Neuroblastomas
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Published on: February 28, 2019

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09:53

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Published on: July 5, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Pathology
  • Oncology
  • Surgical Oncology

Background:

  • Sinonasal tract neoplasms are rare, with sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma and olfactory neuroblastoma posing unique diagnostic and management challenges.
  • Practicing pathologists may lack familiarity with the distinctive features of these rare tumors, leading to diagnostic difficulties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the unique clinical, radiographic, histologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular features of sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma and olfactory neuroblastoma.
  • To emphasize the importance of accurate diagnosis for appropriate management, particularly the specialized surgical approach for olfactory neuroblastoma.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical, radiographic, histologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular data for sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma and olfactory neuroblastoma.
  • Comparative analysis of diagnostic and management strategies for these rare sinonasal malignancies.

Main Results:

  • Olfactory neuroblastoma can histologically mimic other sinonasal tumors, complicating diagnosis.
  • Accurate recognition is crucial as olfactory neuroblastoma management often necessitates a complex bicranial-facial surgical approach.

Conclusions:

  • Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma and olfactory neuroblastoma are distinct malignant neoplasms requiring specialized diagnostic and management expertise.
  • The unique surgical requirements for olfactory neuroblastoma underscore the need for precise pathological identification.