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Related Concept Videos

Infertility in Males01:23

Infertility in Males

Male infertility affects millions of couples worldwide, arising from various factors that impact different stages of the reproductive process. An endocrine imbalance resulting from conditions like hypogonadism, Klinefelter syndrome, or pituitary disorders can disrupt hormone levels and reduce sperm production. Testicular defects, such as tumors, cryptorchidism, atrophic testes, abnormal sperm morphology, and low sperm count or motility, may arise due to genetic factors, structural...
Disorders of the Male Reproductive System01:20

Disorders of the Male Reproductive System

Men's health issues are increasingly recognized as significant, with several conditions posing common threats. Among these, testicular cancer is especially prevalent in younger men, particularly those aged 20 to 35 years. The disease often manifests as a painless mass in the testicles, sometimes accompanied by a sensation of heaviness or a dull ache.
Prostate disorders are another major concern. These conditions can impair urinary flow due to the prostate's location around the urethra. Symptoms...
Testes: Gross Anatomy01:19

Testes: Gross Anatomy

The testes, also known as testicles, are the male gonads. They are housed within the scrotum, a sac-like structure located beneath the penis. The scrotum's primary role is to regulate the temperature of the testes, which is crucial for sperm production.
Each testis is surrounded by the tunica albuginea, a dense connective tissue layer that provides structural support and protection. This layer is covered by an outer serous membrane called the tunica vaginalis, which helps reduce friction...
Accessory Ducts of the Male Reproductive System01:25

Accessory Ducts of the Male Reproductive System

The male reproductive system is a complex network of organs and tissues that work together to produce and transport sperm. The epididymis, vasa deferens, ejaculatory ducts, and urethra are the accessory ducts involved in sperm maturation and transportation. These ducts play a critical role in the production and transportation of sperm from the testes to the urethra, where it is then released during ejaculation.
The epididymis is a small, comma-shaped organ located at the back of each testicle.
The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness02:19

The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness

The Y chromosome is a sex chromosome found in several vertebrates and mammals, including humans. In addition to 22 pairs of autosomes, the human males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. In these organisms, the presence or absence of the Y chromosome determines the development of male traits.
Evolution
Around 300 million years ago, the two sex chromosomes diverged from two identical autosomal chromosomes. Over time, the Y chromosome has lost most of its genes, shrinking in size. Today,...
Sex-linked Disorders01:43

Sex-linked Disorders

Like autosomes, sex chromosomes contain a variety of genes necessary for normal body function. When a mutation in one of these genes results in biological deficits, the disorder is considered sex-linked.

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Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Murine Orchiectomy and Ovariectomy to Reduce Sex Hormone Production
09:36

Murine Orchiectomy and Ovariectomy to Reduce Sex Hormone Production

Published on: November 17, 2023

Cryptorchidism.

John M Hutson1, Adam Balic, Tamara Nation

  • 1Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. john.hutson@rch.org.au

Seminars in Pediatric Surgery
|July 9, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cryptorchidism, or undescended testes, affects 2%-4% of male infants. While surgery aims to preserve fertility and reduce cancer risk, long-term outcomes remain concerning, necessitating further research.

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Microsurgical Obstruction of Testes Fusion in Spodoptera litura
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Microsurgical Obstruction of Testes Fusion in Spodoptera litura

Published on: July 16, 2021

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Last Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Murine Orchiectomy and Ovariectomy to Reduce Sex Hormone Production
09:36

Murine Orchiectomy and Ovariectomy to Reduce Sex Hormone Production

Published on: November 17, 2023

Microsurgical Obstruction of Testes Fusion in Spodoptera litura
03:38

Microsurgical Obstruction of Testes Fusion in Spodoptera litura

Published on: July 16, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Medicine
  • Developmental Biology
  • Pediatric Surgery

Background:

  • Cryptorchidism is a common congenital anomaly affecting 2%-4% of male infants, with higher incidence in premature births.
  • Testicular descent occurs in two distinct phases during fetal development, influenced by hormonal and neurological factors.
  • The precise etiology of cryptorchidism is not fully understood, with current knowledge largely based on animal studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the stages of testicular descent and the factors influencing this process.
  • To discuss the current management of cryptorchidism, including the recommended timing for orchidopexy.
  • To highlight the long-term implications of cryptorchidism, such as impaired fertility and increased cancer risk.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on testicular descent and cryptorchidism.
  • Analysis of hormonal and neurological mechanisms involved in fetal testicular migration.
  • Examination of outcomes following surgical intervention (orchidopexy).

Main Results:

  • Testicular descent involves two phases: gubernaculum development (weeks 8-15) and scrotal migration (weeks 25-35).
  • Hormones like insulin-like hormone 3 and neurotransmitters like calcitonin gene-related peptide play crucial roles.
  • Orchidopexy between 6-12 months aims to preserve spermatogonia, but fertility issues (33%-66%) and elevated cancer risk (5-10x) persist.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the complex mechanisms of testicular descent is vital for addressing cryptorchidism.
  • Current surgical interventions for undescended testes have limitations, with significant long-term consequences.
  • Further research is essential to elucidate the causes and improve the management of cryptorchidism.