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Related Concept Videos

Variation of Atmospheric Pressure01:18

Variation of Atmospheric Pressure

Change in atmospheric pressure with height is particularly interesting. The decrease in atmospheric pressure with increasing altitude is due to the decreasing gravitational force per unit area as we move away from the surface of the earth.
Assuming the air temperature is constant at a given altitude and that the ideal gas law of thermodynamics describes the atmosphere to a good approximation, one can find the variation of atmospheric pressure with height.
Let p(y) be the atmospheric pressure at...
Phase Diagram01:19

Phase Diagram

The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
Pressure Relationships in Thoracic Cavity01:24

Pressure Relationships in Thoracic Cavity

Breathing, otherwise known as pulmonary ventilation, is the process of air movement into and out of the lungs. The main mechanisms propelling pulmonary ventilation are atmospheric pressure (Patm), intra-pulmonary (Ppul ) or intra-alveolar pressure (Palv) within the alveoli, and intrapleural pressure (Pip) within the pleural cavity.
Breathing Mechanisms
Both intra-alveolar and intrapleural pressures rely on specific lung properties. The ability to breathe—allowing air to enter the lungs during...
Van der Waals Equation01:10

Van der Waals Equation

The ideal gas law is an approximation that works well at high temperatures and low pressures. The van der Waals equation of state (named after the Dutch physicist Johannes van der Waals, 1837−1923) improves it by considering two factors.
First, the attractive forces between molecules, which are stronger at higher densities and reduce the pressure, are considered by adding to the pressure a term equal to the square of the molar density multiplied by a positive coefficient a. Second, the volume...
pV-Diagrams01:18

pV-Diagrams

The pV diagram, which is a graph of pressure versus volume of the gas under study, is helpful in describing certain aspects of the substance. When the substance behaves like an ideal gas, the ideal gas equation describes the relationship between its pressure and volume. On a pV diagram, it is common to plot an isotherm, which is a curve showing p as a function of V with the number of molecules and the temperature fixed. Then, for an ideal gas, the product of the pressure of the gas and its...
Constant Pressure Calorimetry03:02

Constant Pressure Calorimetry

Calorimetry is a technique used to measure the amount of heat involved in a chemical or physical process or to measure the heat transferred to or from a substance. The heat is exchanged with a calibrated and insulated device called the calorimeter. Calorimetry experiments are based on the assumption that there is no heat exchange between the insulated calorimeter and the external environment. The well-insulated calorimeters prevent the transfer of heat between the calorimeter and its external...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 11, 2026

High-Sensitivity Nuclear Magnetic Resonance at Giga-Pascal Pressures: A New Tool for Probing Electronic and Chemical Properties of Condensed Matter under Extreme Conditions
08:42

High-Sensitivity Nuclear Magnetic Resonance at Giga-Pascal Pressures: A New Tool for Probing Electronic and Chemical Properties of Condensed Matter under Extreme Conditions

Published on: October 10, 2014

Aluminium at terapascal pressures.

Chris J Pickard, R J Needs

    Nature Materials
    |July 13, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Aluminium transforms into open structures at terapascal (TPa) pressures, revealing insights into planetary interiors. A novel host-guest structure emerges, explained by a two-component model of ions and electron blobs.

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    High-Sensitivity Nuclear Magnetic Resonance at Giga-Pascal Pressures: A New Tool for Probing Electronic and Chemical Properties of Condensed Matter under Extreme Conditions
    08:42

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    Published on: October 10, 2014

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    10:52

    Conducting Elevated Temperature Normal and Combined Pressure-Shear Plate Impact Experiments Via a Breech-end Sabot Heater System

    Published on: August 7, 2018

    Area of Science:

    • Materials science
    • High-pressure physics
    • Computational chemistry

    Background:

    • Terrapascal (TPa) pressures are crucial for understanding planetary interiors and extreme chemistry.
    • Aluminium's equation of state is vital for shock-wave experiments and as a model sp-bonded metal.

    Discussion:

    • Density-functional theory and random searching predict new aluminium structures at multiterapascal pressures.
    • A transformation from close-packed to open structures occurs above 3.2 TPa.
    • An incommensurate host-guest structure emerges as stable across a broad pressure-temperature range.

    Key Insights:

    • High-pressure aluminium phases can be modeled as a two-component system of positive ions and interstitial electron 'blobs'.
    • This structural motif is proposed to be prevalent in sp-bonded materials at multiterapascal pressures.

    Outlook:

    • The findings offer a new perspective on the behavior of matter under extreme pressures.
    • This research paves the way for predicting high-pressure phases in other sp-bonded elements and compounds.