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Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
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Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
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Yellow fever is a viral hemorrhagic disease caused by the yellow fever virus (YFV), a member of the Flaviviridae family. It is transmitted primarily by Aedes and Haemagogus mosquitoes in tropical and subtropical regions of Africa and South America. After transmission through a mosquito bite, the virus initially replicates in skin-resident immune cells such as dendritic cells and macrophages. These cells then migrate to the lymph nodes, where viral replication increases, eventually leading to...
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Transmission-based precautions are for patients known to be infected or suspected to be infected or colonized with organisms that pose a significant risk to others. Some transmission-based precautions include contact, enteric, and droplet.
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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
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Transmission-based precautions are for patients infected or suspected to be infected (or colonized) with organisms posing a significant risk to others. The transmission precautions include airborne and protective environment precautions.
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Japanese encephalitis - prevention in travellers.

Cora A Mayer1, Amy A Neilson

  • 1coramayer@yahoo.com.au

Australian Family Physician
|July 15, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a serious arboviral infection found in Asia and surrounding islands. New, safer vaccines are prompting updated recommendations for travelers to prevent this potentially fatal disease.

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Area of Science:

  • Travel Medicine
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a significant arboviral infection causing encephalitis worldwide, prevalent in Asia and surrounding islands.
  • While rare in travelers, JE has severe consequences and unpredictable epidemiology, making prevention crucial.
  • Previous JE vaccines derived from mouse brains are being phased out, necessitating updated guidance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize prevention strategies and vaccination for Japanese encephalitis (JE) for travelers.
  • To provide practical advice for general practitioners on pre-travel consultations regarding JE.
  • To synthesize information on JE prevention from multiple sources.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature and guidelines on Japanese encephalitis prevention.
  • Analysis of epidemiological data and vaccine efficacy.
  • Synthesis of information for practical application in travel medicine.

Main Results:

  • Japanese encephalitis is a serious, potentially fatal infection prevalent in Asia.
  • Newer, safer JE vaccines are becoming available.
  • International vaccination recommendations are being revised to include more travelers.

Conclusions:

  • Prevention of Japanese encephalitis is an important aspect of pre-travel consultations.
  • Updated vaccination strategies are necessary due to new vaccine availability.
  • Enhanced traveler education and vaccination are key to preventing JE.