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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Quantification of Oculomotor Responses and Accommodation Through Instrumentation and Analysis Toolboxes

Quantification of Oculomotor Responses and Accommodation Through Instrumentation and Analysis Toolboxes

Published on: March 3, 2023

Convergence insufficiency and its current treatment.

Judith B Lavrich¹

¹Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Wills Eye Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA. jbl123@verizon.net

Current Opinion in Ophthalmology

|July 17, 2010

Summary

Intensive orthoptic therapy is the most effective treatment for convergence insufficiency. Other methods like pencil push-ups and base-in prism glasses may supplement treatment or manage symptoms in specific populations.

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Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Optometry
Vision Science

Background:

Convergence insufficiency (CI) management has been debated, with recent studies comparing common treatments.
Significant scientific literature now exists comparing the effectiveness of various CI interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent research on convergence insufficiency (CI) and its treatment options.
To synthesize findings from large-scale clinical trials on CI management.

Main Methods:

Review of recent scientific literature and placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trials.
Comparison of the efficacy of base-in prism glasses, pencil push-ups, and vision therapy for CI.

Main Results:

Large-scale randomized clinical trials have recently been published for CI treatments.
Orthoptic therapy demonstrated the highest efficacy in reducing CI signs and symptoms compared to other methods.

Conclusions:

Intensive orthoptic therapy is the primary treatment for convergence insufficiency.
Pencil push-ups and accommodative targets can be adjuncts within an intensive orthoptic program.
Base-in prism glasses are best suited for symptom reduction in presbyopic individuals.