The sensitivity of focused electrical impedance measurements

One of the problems with tetrapolar impedance measurements is the lack of spatial sensitivity within the measured volume. In this paper we compare the sensitivity of tetrapolar measurements and the focused impedance measurements (FIM) proposed by Rabbani et al (1999 Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 873 408-20), which give an improved sensitivity profile. Using a previously validated model of sensitivity based on Geselowitz's lead theory, the sensitivity of FIM using eight, six and four electrodes was investigated. All electrode configurations showed a maximum in the average sensitivity of a plane at a depth of one-third of the drive-receive electrode spacing. No difference was found in the sensitivity value of this maximum between electrode configurations having the same drive-receive electrode spacing. The six- and eight-electrode configurations showed negative sensitivity regions down to half of the drive-receive electrode spacing, whilst the four-electrode measurement showed negative sensitivity regions down to one-third of the drive-receive electrode spacing. The single peak in sensitivity beneath the centre of the electrode configuration became dominant at 0.56, 1.4 and 0.14 of the receive electrode spacing for the eight-, six- and four-electrode configurations respectively. Thus, the four-electrode FIM configuration gives a single peak closest to the surface.