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Related Concept Videos

Cardiac Output I:Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output01:19

Cardiac Output I:Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output

Cardiac Output
Cardiac output (CO) refers to the total amount of blood ejected by one of the ventricles in liters per minute (L/min). In a resting adult, CO ranges from 5 to 6 L/min, adjusting according to the body's metabolic requirements.
Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output
Cardiac output adapts to metabolic demands during stress, physical activity, or illness. The autonomic nervous system regulates heart rate via the sinoatrial node. The parasympathetic nervous system decreases heart rate...
Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output01:22

Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output

Cardiac output (CO), the amount of blood the heart pumps per minute, is a parameter in cardiovascular physiology determined by stroke volume and heart rate. Stroke volume, the amount of blood pushed from one of the ventricles per heartbeat, is influenced by preload, afterload, and contractility.
Preload
Preload refers to the initial elongation of the cardiac myocytes before contraction and is related to the volume of blood filling the heart at the end of diastole, or end-diastolic volume. The...
Crossover Experiments01:16

Crossover Experiments

Crossover experiments, also called the repeated-measurements design, is a study design in which all experimental units are exposed to all treatments in different periods. Crossover experiments are generally used in psychology, the pharmaceutical industry, agriculture, and medicine.
Crossover designs are performed even with smaller sample sizes since the samples can act as their controls. These are better than simple randomized trials since patients are exposed to all the treatments.
Cardiac Output and Stroke Volume01:11

Cardiac Output and Stroke Volume

Cardiac output (CO) is an integral aspect of human physiology, reflecting the heart's efficiency and responsiveness to the body's needs. It represents the volume of blood that the left or right ventricle ejects into the aorta or pulmonary trunk each minute. The CO is calculated by multiplying the heart rate (HR)—the number of heartbeats per minute—by the stroke volume (SV)—the amount of blood pumped out with each heartbeat.
In an average resting adult male, the typical cardiac output averages...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Real-Time Cardiac Mapping with a Noninvasive Imageless Electrocardiographic Imaging System
10:17

Real-Time Cardiac Mapping with a Noninvasive Imageless Electrocardiographic Imaging System

Published on: April 11, 2025

Iterative cardiac output measurement for optimizing cardiac resynchronization therapy: a randomized, blinded,

Nico Reinsch1, Thomas Konorza, Dagmar Woydowski

  • 1West-German Heart Centre Essen, Department of Cardiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Essen, Germany. nico.reinsch@uk-essen.de

Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology : PACE
|July 29, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Optimizing cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) with noninvasive cardiac output (CO) measurements using inert gas rebreathing (IGR) significantly improves exercise capacity and quality of life in patients. This method enhances CRT programming effectiveness.

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Benefits of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in an Asynchronous Heart Failure Model Induced by Left Bundle Branch Ablation and Rapid Pacing
12:45

Benefits of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in an Asynchronous Heart Failure Model Induced by Left Bundle Branch Ablation and Rapid Pacing

Published on: December 11, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Real-Time Cardiac Mapping with a Noninvasive Imageless Electrocardiographic Imaging System
10:17

Real-Time Cardiac Mapping with a Noninvasive Imageless Electrocardiographic Imaging System

Published on: April 11, 2025

Benefits of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in an Asynchronous Heart Failure Model Induced by Left Bundle Branch Ablation and Rapid Pacing
12:45

Benefits of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in an Asynchronous Heart Failure Model Induced by Left Bundle Branch Ablation and Rapid Pacing

Published on: December 11, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Medical Devices
  • Pulmonary Physiology

Background:

  • Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) programming requires effective methods for optimal patient outcomes.
  • Current CRT programming techniques yield suboptimal results.
  • Noninvasive cardiac output (CO) measurement via inert gas rebreathing (IGR) shows promise for tailoring CRT device programming.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate CRT optimization using noninvasive CO measurements.
  • To determine if hemodynamic improvements from CO-guided CRT translate to enhanced exercise capacity.

Main Methods:

  • A randomized, crossover study involving 24 CRT patients.
  • Iterative atrioventricular (AV) and ventriculo-ventricular (VV) delay optimization using the IGR method.
  • Comparison of 4-week optimized CRT programming versus standard programming, assessing exercise capacity via NYHA class, 6-minute walk test, and QoL questionnaires.

Main Results:

  • IGR successfully measured CO in all participants.
  • Optimized CRT programming led to a 17.8% decrease in NYHA class, a 9.3% increase in 6-minute walk distance, and a 14.5% improvement in quality of life.
  • The responder rate for CRT increased from 66.5% to 87.5% with the optimized method.

Conclusions:

  • CRT optimization guided by iterative CO measurements improves cardiac output and exercise capacity.
  • This noninvasive CO measurement technique may serve as a valuable tool for adjusting CRT programming.