Proteomic technologies for the discovery of type 1 diabetes biomarkers

In this review, we discuss several important issues concerning the discovery of protein biomarkers for complex human diseases, with a focus on type 1 diabetes. Serum or plasma is the first choice of specimen due to its richness in biological information and relatively easy availability. It is a challenging task to comprehensively characterize the serum/plasma proteome because of the large dynamic range of protein concentration. Therefore, sample pretreatment is required in order to explore the low- to medium-abundance proteins contained in serum/plasma. In this regard, enrichment of low-abundance proteins using random hexapeptide library beads has distinct advantages over the traditional immune-depletion methods, including higher efficiency, higher binding capacity, and lower cost. In-depth mining of serum/plasma proteome using different separation techniques have also been evaluated and are discussed in this review. Overall, the shotgun proteomics-multidimensional separation of digested peptides followed by mass spectrometry analysis--is highly efficient and therefore has become a preferred method for protein biomarker discovery.