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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
Cirrhosis is characterized by the scarring of hepatic lobules in the liver, which are replaced by fibrous tissue, affecting the liver's normal functioning. NAFLD, on the other hand, is caused by an excessive build-up of fat in the liver, not related to...
Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test01:22

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test

In clinical practice, the direct measurement of hepatic blood flow to evaluate liver function presents significant challenges due to the intricate and specialized nature of the necessary techniques. Consequently, healthcare professionals often rely on empirical estimates derived from thorough patient examinations and liver function tests to gauge liver health. Among the tools at their disposal, the Child–Pugh and MELD scoring systems stand out for their ability to categorize and assess the...
Cirrhosis I: Introduction01:23

Cirrhosis I: Introduction

Cirrhosis is a chronic, irreversible liver disease characterized by the widespread replacement of healthy liver tissue with fibrotic scar tissue and the formation of regenerative nodules.Etiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis results from sustained liver injury that triggers progressive fibrosis and structural remodeling. The underlying causes are diverse, encompassing common and less frequent clinical conditions. Regardless of the origin, all causes lead to chronic inflammation, hepatocyte loss, and...
Cirrhosis II: Pathophysiology01:24

Cirrhosis II: Pathophysiology

Cirrhosis is a progressive chronic liver injury caused by prolonged inflammation, excessive fibrotic remodeling, and impaired regeneration. Over time, repeated hepatic insults disrupt the liver’s architecture and function, leading to reduced blood flow, impaired bile drainage, and diminished metabolic capacity.Pathophysiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis arises from three main responses to chronic liver damage: inflammation, immune activation, and hepatocyte death. These processes lead to structural...

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Updated: Jun 10, 2026

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks
10:28

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks

Published on: June 26, 2020

Hepatitis E in high-income countries.

Nicole Pavio1, Jean-Michel Mansuy

  • 1UMR 1161 Virology, AFSSA LERPAZ, ENVA, INRA. 23 Avenue du General de Gaulle, 94706 Maisons-Alfort cedex, France. npavio@vet-alfort.fr

Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases
|August 5, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is increasingly diagnosed in non-endemic regions, often acquired locally from animal reservoirs. This emerging zoonotic disease requires enhanced surveillance and attention to potential chronic infections.

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"Liver-on-a-Chip" Cultures of Primary Hepatocytes and Kupffer Cells for Hepatitis B Virus Infection
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"Liver-on-a-Chip" Cultures of Primary Hepatocytes and Kupffer Cells for Hepatitis B Virus Infection

Published on: February 19, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 10, 2026

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks
10:28

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks

Published on: June 26, 2020

"Liver-on-a-Chip" Cultures of Primary Hepatocytes and Kupffer Cells for Hepatitis B Virus Infection
10:25

"Liver-on-a-Chip" Cultures of Primary Hepatocytes and Kupffer Cells for Hepatitis B Virus Infection

Published on: February 19, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Viral Hepatitis E (HEV) is an emerging infectious disease with a significant global impact.
  • Understanding HEV epidemiology in non-endemic regions is crucial for public health strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in characterizing HEV in non-endemic areas.
  • To focus on epidemiology in high-income countries, clinical presentations, zoonotic origins, and diagnostic improvements for Hepatitis E.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on HEV.
  • Analysis of epidemiological data from high-income countries.
  • Examination of clinical case reports and diagnostic methodologies.

Main Results:

  • Most HEV cases in high-income countries are locally acquired, involving different genotypes than in endemic areas.
  • Hepatitis E is frequently observed in animal care occupations, suggesting a zoonotic origin from animal reservoirs.
  • Persistent infections and chronic disease can occur, particularly in immunocompromised individuals like transplant recipients.

Conclusions:

  • HEV epidemiology differs significantly between endemic and non-endemic regions.
  • Hepatitis E is likely more prevalent than previously thought, with a probable zoonotic origin.
  • Further development of surveillance for human cases and animal reservoirs is essential, with attention to chronic HEV evolution.