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Related Concept Videos

Brain Imaging01:14

Brain Imaging

Brain imaging technologies provide critical insights into both the structure and function of the human brain, enabling medical professionals and researchers to diagnose, study, and treat neurological disorders or psychiatric disorders more effectively.
These technologies include computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT scans), positron-emission tomography (PET scans),  magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),  functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS).
Vision01:24

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.

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Related Experiment Video

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High-resolution Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Methods for Human Midbrain
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High-resolution Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Methods for Human Midbrain

Published on: May 10, 2012

Imaging retinotopic maps in the human brain.

Brian A Wandell1, Jonathan Winawer

  • 1Psychology Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States. wandell@stanford.edu

Vision Research
|August 10, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has revolutionized the study of human visual cortex retinotopic maps over 25 years. This technique allows for efficient, reliable mapping and quantitative modeling of visual processing in individual subjects.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Visual Neuroscience
  • Brain Imaging

Background:

  • Limited understanding of human visual cortex retinotopic maps 25 years ago.
  • Advancements in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have enabled detailed study.
  • Human retinotopic maps exhibit unique properties distinct from non-human primates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the progress in characterizing human retinotopic maps over the past quarter-century.
  • To highlight the role of fMRI in advancing this field.
  • To suggest future directions for integrating diverse brain data.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) for non-invasive, spatially-resolved measurement of brain activity.
  • Employed efficient experimental sessions (under one hour) for reliable mapping in individual subjects.
  • Leveraged quantitative modeling of functional responses within specific retinotopic maps.

Main Results:

  • Significant progress in mapping the number and organization of human retinotopic maps.
  • Demonstrated reliability and efficiency of fMRI for individual subject mapping.
  • Enabled quantitative modeling of functional responses within visual cortex maps.

Conclusions:

  • Characterization of human retinotopic maps over the last 25 years is crucial for future visual neuroscience.
  • Integration of fMRI data with other brain property measurements (white matter, gray matter, cellular) is a key future direction.
  • Modeling the network of visual signals is anticipated to advance understanding of visual computations.