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Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Real-Time Cardiac Mapping with a Noninvasive Imageless Electrocardiographic Imaging System
Published on: April 11, 2025
Implantable and surface electrocardiography: complementary technologies
1Department of Cardiac Electrophysiology, University of Pittsburgh Cardiovascular Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. gsmenden@post.harvard.edu
Abstract:
Combining information obtained from the surface electrocardiogram and implantable devices represents an emerging trend in electrocardiology. Important potential applications include ischemia detection and localization, continuous monitoring of cardiac cycle parameters, and telemedicine. This article presents an overview of these emerging applications, focusing on our recent studies that combine the electrograms obtained from body surface and implantable devices to reconstruct a full 12-lead electrocardiogram from the implanted device. These technologies have broad application for detection of ischemia, improvement of the accuracy of ischemic localization, and rhythm discrimination.
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