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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility, suggesting a...
Type II Diabetes I: Introduction01:26

Type II Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, in which target tissues such as the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue respond poorly to insulin. It is also associated with inadequate compensatory insulin secretion, where pancreatic β-cells fail to produce sufficient insulin. Together, these abnormalities lead to persistent hyperglycemia.EtiologyT2DM develops through a complex interaction of genetic predisposition and environmental or...
Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:24

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.
Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis01:25

Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis

Type 2 diabetes mellitus develops gradually and is often asymptomatic in early stages.Clinical ManifestationsWhen symptoms appear, they include fatigue, blurred vision, pruritus, delayed wound healing, and recurrent infections, particularly candidal infections. Peripheral neuropathy may present as numbness or tingling in the extremities. Classic hyperglycemia symptoms—polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia—are less common. Most patients are overweight and frequently have associated hypertension...
Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...

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A High-Throughput Multiplexed Screening for Type 1 Diabetes, Celiac Diseases, and COVID-19
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Type 2 diabetes in pregnancy - An increasing problem.

Rosemary Temple1, Helen Murphy

  • 1Elsie Bertram Diabetes Centre, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Trust, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom. rosemary.temple@nnuh.nhs.uk

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
|September 14, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Type 2 diabetes in young adults complicates pregnancies, posing risks for adverse outcomes similar to type 1 diabetes. Effective management before, during, and after pregnancy is crucial for improved maternal and infant health.

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Evaluation of Hepatic Glucose Production in a Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Mouse Model
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Evaluation of Hepatic Glucose Production in a Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Mouse Model

Published on: March 5, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Endocrinology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • The global rise in type 2 diabetes diagnoses, particularly among young adults, has led to an increase in pregnancies complicated by this condition.
  • Pregnancies in women with type 2 diabetes face risks of serious adverse outcomes, including congenital malformations and perinatal mortality, comparable to or exceeding those in type 1 diabetes.
  • Despite better glycemic control in type 2 diabetes pregnancies, perinatal morbidity rates for preterm birth and macrosomia remain similar to type 1 diabetes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review practical management strategies for type 2 diabetes in pregnant women.
  • To highlight key considerations for prepregnancy care, glycemic control, and postpartum management.
  • To discuss the safety of various treatment options during pregnancy and postpartum.

Main Methods:

  • This is a review article synthesizing current literature and clinical guidelines.
  • It focuses on practical aspects of managing type 2 diabetes throughout the entire pregnancy continuum.
  • Key areas covered include prepregnancy counseling, intrapartum glycemic management, and postpartum care, including contraception.

Main Results:

  • Risk factors for poor pregnancy outcomes in type 2 diabetes include obesity, ethnicity, and inadequate preparation.
  • Adverse outcomes like congenital malformations and perinatal mortality are as high or higher in type 2 diabetes compared to type 1 diabetes.
  • Perinatal morbidities such as preterm birth and macrosomia are similar between type 1 and type 2 diabetes, despite differences in glycemic control.

Conclusions:

  • Comprehensive management of type 2 diabetes before, during, and after pregnancy is essential.
  • Addressing risk factors like obesity and ensuring adequate preconception care can mitigate adverse outcomes.
  • Safe and effective treatment options, including oral hypoglycemic agents and appropriate contraception, are vital for optimizing maternal and fetal health.