Prothrombin fragments in cardiovascular disease

Prothrombin fragment 1+2 (F1+2), which comes from in vivo cleavage of prothrombin by factor Xa, is considered to be useful for diagnosis of thrombosis. Recognition of the central role of thrombosis in the pathogenesis ofcardiovascular disease has prompted growing interest in the association o F1+2 with cardiovascular clinical syndromes. Increased F1+2 levels have reported in venous thromboembolism, inflammation, cancer, sepsis, acute coronary syndromes, stroke, peripheral arterial disease, atrial fibrillation and during the postoperative period. However, a clear relationship with the appearance of thrombosis has not always been consistently demonstrated. Besides its potential prognostic and diagnostic value, it could also be usefu in assessing the impact of various therapies. However, it should be kept in mind that measurement of hemostasis activation markers has several important biological and methodological disadvantages. Activation markers reflect the presence of thrombosis in any vascular bed, so they are not specific. Furthermore, elevations occur not only in the presence of overt thrombosis but also during the hypercoagulable state. The cutoff level to be used for the definition of elevations is still largely unknown due to the use of different analytical methods, none of which have been standardized until know. Finally, the prognostic value of F1+2 and other markers of coagulation activation remains to be fully defined in future studies.