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Related Concept Videos

NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences01:17

NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences

A pulse is a short burst of radio waves distributed over a range of frequencies that simultaneously excites all the nuclei in the sample. Upon passing a radio frequency pulse along the x-axis, the nuclei absorb energy corresponding to their Larmor frequencies and achieve resonance. This shifts the net magnetization vector from the z-axis toward the transverse plane. This angle of rotation of the magnetization vector, or the flip angle, is proportional to the duration and intensity of the pulse.
Double Resonance Techniques: Overview01:12

Double Resonance Techniques: Overview

Double resonance techniques in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy involve the simultaneous application of two different frequencies or radiofrequency pulses to manipulate and observe two distinct nuclear spins. One important application of double resonance is spin decoupling, which selectively suppresses coupling with one type of nucleus while observing the NMR signal from another nucleus, simplifying the spectrum and enhancing resolution.
Spin decoupling is usually achieved by...
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¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals

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NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling01:08

NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling

The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved in...
Atomic Nuclei: Types of Nuclear Relaxation01:28

Atomic Nuclei: Types of Nuclear Relaxation

Nuclear relaxation restores the equilibrium population imbalance and can occur via spin–lattice or spin–spin mechanisms, which are first-order exponential decay processes.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Blood Flow Imaging with Ultrafast Doppler
05:57

Blood Flow Imaging with Ultrafast Doppler

Published on: October 14, 2020

Flow compensation for the fast spin echo triple-echo Dixon sequence.

Kaining Shi1, Russell Low, Ken-Pin Hwang

  • 1Beijing City Key Lab of Medical Physics and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China. shikaining@126.com

Magnetic Resonance Imaging
|September 25, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Fast spin echo triple-echo Dixon (FTED) enhances scan efficiency for water and fat separation. This study introduces two methods to minimize gradient moments, reducing flow artifacts in magnetic resonance imaging.

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Area of Science:

  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
  • Medical Physics
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Fast spin echo (FSE) triple-echo Dixon (FTED) enables simultaneous water and fat separation.
  • FTED offers enhanced scan efficiency compared to other Dixon techniques.
  • A challenge in FTED is managing gradient moment (GM) behavior for flow compensation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the first-order gradient moment (GM) along the frequency encode direction in FTED.
  • To propose and evaluate methods for minimizing GM and mitigating flow artifacts in FTED.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated the time-dependent first-order GM in the FTED sequence.
  • Proposed two distinct GM minimization strategies: maintaining the Carr-Purcell Meiboom-Gill condition and minimizing GM at echo locations.
  • Validated the methods using phantom studies and in vivo imaging.

Main Results:

  • Both proposed methods effectively reduced the first-order GM along the frequency encode direction.
  • Demonstrated significant reduction in flow-related artifacts in FTED images.
  • Confirmed the efficacy of the GM minimization techniques in both phantom and in vivo settings.

Conclusions:

  • The developed methods successfully address the challenge of gradient moment management in FTED.
  • These techniques improve the robustness of FTED for water and fat separation by reducing flow artifacts.
  • The findings contribute to optimizing FTED sequences for more accurate and efficient MRI.