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Related Concept Videos

Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...
The Effect of Aging on Tissues01:19

The Effect of Aging on Tissues

Several body functions deteriorate with age. The external signs of aging are easily identifiable. For example, the skin becomes dry, less elastic, and thins out, forming wrinkles. The skin of the face begins to appear looser due to a decrease in the levels of elastic and collagen fibers in the connective tissue. Additionally, melanin production in the hair follicle decreases with age, resulting in gray hair. Moreover, the senses of sight and hearing decline, so glasses and hearing aids may...
Menopause01:28

Menopause

Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
Introduction to the Skeletal System01:20

Introduction to the Skeletal System

The skeletal system is the central framework of the body, consisting of different connective tissues: bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments.
Components of the Skeletal System
Bone, or osseous tissue, is a hard connective tissue that forms an internal support structure for the human body. Bones shield vulnerable organs and soft tissue from external forces. For example, the vertebral bones protect and support the spinal cord.
Cartilage, a semi-rigid connective tissue found in regions such as...
The Functions of the Skeletal System01:22

The Functions of the Skeletal System

The most apparent functions of the skeletal system are support, protection, and movement. However, bone tissue also performs several other critical metabolic functions. For one, the bone matrix acts as a reservoir for a number of minerals important to the functioning of the body, especially calcium and phosphorus. These minerals, present in the bone tissue, can be released back into the bloodstream when required. Calcium ions, for example, are essential for muscle contractions and controlling...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

The Creation of a Rat Model for Osteosarcopenia via Ovariectomy
03:52

The Creation of a Rat Model for Osteosarcopenia via Ovariectomy

Published on: February 21, 2025

Skeletal implications of reproductive aging.

Ruth Freeman1

  • 1Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA. rfreeman@montefiore.org

Seminars in Reproductive Medicine
|September 25, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Estrogen decline significantly impacts bone density, especially after menopause. This hormone

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Bone Biology
  • Reproductive Aging

Background:

  • Bone density is influenced by genetics, nutrition, and sex hormones.
  • Estrogen plays a crucial role in bone development during puberty.
  • Declining estrogen levels during reproductive aging and menopause affect bone health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of estrogen decline in bone mineral loss.
  • To understand the timeline of bone density changes relative to menopause.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on bone metabolism and hormonal changes.
  • Analysis of the relationship between estrogen production and bone mineral content over the lifespan.

Main Results:

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Orthotopic Ovarian Transplantation Procedures to Investigate the Life- and Health-span Influence of Ovarian Senescence in Female Mice
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Orthotopic Ovarian Transplantation Procedures to Investigate the Life- and Health-span Influence of Ovarian Senescence in Female Mice

Published on: February 12, 2018

Cantilever Bending of Murine Femoral Necks
06:44

Cantilever Bending of Murine Femoral Necks

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Last Updated: Jun 8, 2026

The Creation of a Rat Model for Osteosarcopenia via Ovariectomy
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Orthotopic Ovarian Transplantation Procedures to Investigate the Life- and Health-span Influence of Ovarian Senescence in Female Mice
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Orthotopic Ovarian Transplantation Procedures to Investigate the Life- and Health-span Influence of Ovarian Senescence in Female Mice

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Cantilever Bending of Murine Femoral Necks
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  • Estrogen increases bone density at puberty, with approximately 20% of bone mass gained during this period.
  • Bone mineral and collagen decrease as estrogen production declines during reproductive aging.
  • The most rapid bone density loss occurs post-menopause, with subsequent loss rates similar to aging men.

    • Conclusions:

    • Declining estrogen production is a primary driver of bone mineral loss.
    • The process of bone density reduction begins before menopause.
    • Menopause marks a period of accelerated bone loss due to diminished estrogen levels.