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Related Concept Videos

Lattice Energies of Ionic Crystals01:27

Lattice Energies of Ionic Crystals

Lattice energy represents the energy released when gaseous cations and anions combine to form an ionic solid, reflecting the strength of electrostatic interactions within the crystal. This process is fundamentally governed by Coulombic attraction between oppositely charged ions, where the potential energy varies inversely with the interionic distance and directly with the product of ionic charges. As ions approach one another, the electrostatic energy becomes increasingly negative, indicating a...
Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge02:54

Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge

An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure of the strength of this attraction. The lattice energy (ΔHlattice) of an ionic compound is defined as the energy required to separate one mole of the solid into its component gaseous ions. For the ionic solid sodium chloride, the lattice energy is the enthalpy change of the process:
Lattice Centering and Coordination Number02:33

Lattice Centering and Coordination Number

The structure of a crystalline solid, whether a metal or not, is best described by considering its simplest repeating unit, which is referred to as its unit cell. The unit cell consists of lattice points that represent the locations of atoms or ions. The entire structure then consists of this unit cell repeating in three dimensions. The three different types of unit cells present in the cubic lattice are illustrated in Figure 1.
Types of Unit Cells
Imagine taking a large number of identical...
Chirality at Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur02:30

Chirality at Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur

Chirality is most prevalent in carbon-based tetrahedral compounds, but this important facet of molecular symmetry extends to sp3-hybridized nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur centers, including trivalent molecules with lone pairs. Here, the lone pair behaves as a functional group in addition to the other three substituents to form an analogous tetrahedral center that can be chiral.
A consequence of chirality is the need for enantiomeric resolution. While this is theoretically possible for all...
Chirality in Nature02:30

Chirality in Nature

Chirality is the most intriguing yet essential facet of nature, governing life’s biochemical processes and precision. It can be observed from a snail shell pattern in a macroscopic world to an amino acid, the minutest building block of life. Most of the snails around the world have right-coiled shells because of the intrinsic chirality in their genes. All the amino acids present in the human body exist in an enantiomerically pure state, except for glycine - the sole achiral amino acid. The...
Extraction: Advanced Methods00:56

Extraction: Advanced Methods

Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is formed in...

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Trapping of Micro Particles in Nanoplasmonic Optical Lattice
07:20

Trapping of Micro Particles in Nanoplasmonic Optical Lattice

Published on: September 5, 2017

Exploiting lattice potentials for sorting chiral particles.

David Speer1, Ralf Eichhorn, Peter Reimann

  • 1Universität Bielefeld, Fakultät für Physik, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.

Physical Review Letters
|September 28, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers demonstrate methods for sorting chiral molecules using periodic potentials. Static bias forces direct molecules into orthogonal paths, while time-periodic forces enable separation in opposite directions.

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Chirality is a fundamental property of molecules, crucial in biological and chemical systems.
  • Separating chiral molecules (enantiomers) is challenging due to their similar physical properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore methods for efficiently sorting chiral molecules using periodic potentials.
  • To demonstrate control over the directional movement of chiral objects based on their handedness.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing static bias forces within periodic potentials to induce directional motion.
  • Applying time-periodic external forces to achieve directed separation of chiral species.

Main Results:

  • Periodic potentials can be engineered to sort molecules based on chirality.
  • Static bias forces lead to orthogonal movement of enantiomers.
  • Time-periodic forces enable separation into exactly opposite directions.

Conclusions:

  • Periodic potentials offer a versatile platform for chiral separation.
  • External forces provide tunable control over the sorting process for chiral objects.