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Related Concept Videos

Language and Cognition01:27

Language and Cognition

Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
Lateralization01:28

Lateralization

Brain lateralization refers to the division of mental processes and functions between the two hemispheres of the brain, a phenomenon that optimizes neural efficiency and underpins complex abilities in humans. This specialization allows each hemisphere to perform tasks where it has a comparative advantage, facilitating more refined cognitive capabilities across different domains.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Examining Bilingual Language Control Using the Stroop Task
05:31

Examining Bilingual Language Control Using the Stroop Task

Published on: February 26, 2020

Increased Stroop interference with better second-language reading skill.

Wouter Braet1, Nele Noppe, Johan Wagemans

  • 1Laboratory of Experimental Psychology, University of Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, Leuven, Belgium. wouter.braet@gmail.com

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology (2006)
|October 7, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Skilled second language readers show greater Stroop interference, indicating higher automaticity. This relationship was stronger when comparing interference across languages, not in isolation.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Second Language Acquisition
  • Neuroscience of Reading

Background:

  • Skilled readers process words efficiently; beginning readers are slower and require more visual attention.
  • The Stroop paradigm measures automaticity by assessing interference between word meaning and color naming.
  • Previous Stroop studies on second language reading skill and automaticity yielded inconsistent results.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between reading skill and automaticity in second language learners.
  • To explore how orthographic differences impact this relationship using the Stroop paradigm.
  • To reconcile conflicting findings in prior research by comparing Stroop interference across languages.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the Stroop paradigm with individuals learning a second language with a different orthographic system.
  • Measured Stroop interference in both the first and second languages.
  • Correlated Stroop interference with objective and subjective measures of second language exposure.

Main Results:

  • Second language Stroop interference positively correlated with reading skill, controlling for first language interference.
  • Interference showed a positive relationship with objective measures of second language exposure.
  • No significant relationship was found between interference and subjective measures of exposure.

Conclusions:

  • Reading skill in a second language is positively associated with automaticity, as evidenced by Stroop interference.
  • Comparing interference across languages, rather than in isolation, is crucial for understanding this relationship.
  • Objective exposure, not subjective perception, is linked to automaticity in second language reading.