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Related Concept Videos

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
Maintenance of the ES Cell State01:14

Maintenance of the ES Cell State

The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Chemical Reversion of Conventional Human Pluripotent Stem Cells to a Naïve-like State with Improved Multilineage Differentiation Potency
09:07

Chemical Reversion of Conventional Human Pluripotent Stem Cells to a Naïve-like State with Improved Multilineage Differentiation Potency

Published on: June 10, 2018

Epigenetic modifications in pluripotent and differentiated cells.

Alexander Meissner1

  • 1Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. alexander_meissner@harvard.edu

Nature Biotechnology
|October 15, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Investigating the epigenetic code in cell development and reprogramming is crucial. Understanding epigenetic marks and modifiers in induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells requires further genome-wide studies.

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Chemical Reversion of Conventional Human Pluripotent Stem Cells to a Naïve-like State with Improved Multilineage Differentiation Potency
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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Epigenetic modifications add a regulatory layer to the genome.
  • Pluripotent and differentiated cells are key models for studying epigenetic influences on cell fate.
  • High-throughput sequencing provides detailed DNA methylation and chromatin maps.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of epigenetic marks and modifiers in cellular fate and development.
  • To understand the extent and function of epigenetic remodeling during induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell reprogramming.

Main Methods:

  • Genome-wide chromatin mapping.
  • DNA methylation mapping at single-nucleotide resolution.
  • Ectopic expression of transcription factors for cell state manipulation.

Main Results:

  • High-throughput sequencing has generated comprehensive epigenome maps.
  • Transcription factor expression can override established epigenetic marks, enabling iPS cell generation.

Conclusions:

  • Fundamental questions remain regarding the roles of epigenetic marks and modifiers in development and disease.
  • Further genome-wide studies are necessary to fully characterize epigenetic remodeling in iPS cells and their similarity to embryonic stem cells.