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Related Concept Videos

Nuclear Export of mRNA02:31

Nuclear Export of mRNA

Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
Nuclear Export of mRNA02:31

Nuclear Export of mRNA

Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
Nuclear Export01:42

Nuclear Export

The nucleus restricts several proteins within and allows others to pass. The restricted proteins possess a nuclear retention sequence or NRS, anchoring them to the nuclear lamins and preventing their transport to the cytosol. The non-restricted proteins, after their synthesis, are transported to their site of action, such as the cytosol or other organelles, with the help of nuclear export signals or NES.
NES are of three types- the canonical 10-residue long leucine-rich signal and other...
Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends01:35

Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends

In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a cap to the 5' end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5' phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached (7-methyl guanosine). This 5' cap helps the cell...
Export of Misfolded Proteins out of the ER01:32

Export of Misfolded Proteins out of the ER

After folding, the ER assesses the quality of secretory and membrane proteins. The correctly folded proteins are cleared by the calnexin cycle for transport to their final destination, while misfolded proteins are held back in the ER lumen. The ER chaperones attempt to unfold and refold the misfolded proteins but sometimes fail to achieve the correct native conformation. Such terminally misfolded proteins are then exported to the cytosol by ER-associated degradation or ERAD pathway for...
pre-mRNA Processing02:01

pre-mRNA Processing

In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a “cap” to the 5’ end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5’ phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached to it (7-Methyl guanosine). This 5’ cap helps the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Method for the Isolation and Identification of mRNAs, microRNAs and Protein Components of Ribonucleoprotein Complexes from Cell Extracts using RIP-Chip
13:34

Method for the Isolation and Identification of mRNAs, microRNAs and Protein Components of Ribonucleoprotein Complexes from Cell Extracts using RIP-Chip

Published on: September 29, 2012

RNA processing and export.

Sami Hocine1, Robert H Singer, David Grünwald

  • 1Department for Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
|October 22, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Messenger RNA (mRNA) processing involves 5' capping, splicing, and 3' processing, tightly coupled events affecting transcript fate. These modifications and protein factor loading regulate gene expression throughout the mRNA lifecycle.

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Analysis of mRNA Nuclear Export Kinetics in Mammalian Cells by Microinjection
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Analysis of mRNA Nuclear Export Kinetics in Mammalian Cells by Microinjection

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Discrimintion and Mapping of the Primary and Processed Transcripts in Maize Mitochondrion Using a Circular RT-PCR-based Strategy
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Discrimintion and Mapping of the Primary and Processed Transcripts in Maize Mitochondrion Using a Circular RT-PCR-based Strategy

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Method for the Isolation and Identification of mRNAs, microRNAs and Protein Components of Ribonucleoprotein Complexes from Cell Extracts using RIP-Chip
13:34

Method for the Isolation and Identification of mRNAs, microRNAs and Protein Components of Ribonucleoprotein Complexes from Cell Extracts using RIP-Chip

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Analysis of mRNA Nuclear Export Kinetics in Mammalian Cells by Microinjection
11:32

Analysis of mRNA Nuclear Export Kinetics in Mammalian Cells by Microinjection

Published on: December 4, 2010

Discrimintion and Mapping of the Primary and Processed Transcripts in Maize Mitochondrion Using a Circular RT-PCR-based Strategy
07:26

Discrimintion and Mapping of the Primary and Processed Transcripts in Maize Mitochondrion Using a Circular RT-PCR-based Strategy

Published on: July 29, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Gene Expression Regulation
  • RNA Processing

Background:

  • Messenger RNAs (mRNAs) require extensive processing, including 5' capping, splicing, and 3'-end processing, prior to cytoplasmic translation.
  • These pre-mRNA modifications and the associated protein factors are critical for determining the stability, localization, and translation efficiency of the mRNA.
  • The interplay between mRNA processing events and protein factor association is a key regulatory mechanism in gene expression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the tightly coupled nature of mRNA processing events.
  • To understand how modifications and protein factor loading during mRNA processing influence gene expression.
  • To highlight the dynamic regulation conferred by protein factors associated with mRNA throughout its lifespan.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of pre-mRNA modifications.
  • Identification and characterization of protein factors involved in mRNA processing.
  • Investigating the coupling of splicing, capping, and polyadenylation.
  • Studying the impact of processing on mRNA export and translation.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated the intricate coupling of 5' capping, splicing, and 3'-end processing.
  • Identified specific protein factors that associate with mRNA during processing.
  • Showed that the composition of associated proteins changes over the mRNA's lifetime.
  • Established a link between processing events, protein composition, and gene expression regulation.

Conclusions:

  • mRNA processing is a coordinated process essential for generating mature, functional transcripts.
  • The dynamic association of protein factors with mRNA provides a significant layer of gene expression control.
  • Understanding mRNA processing and its regulation is crucial for comprehending cellular function and disease.