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Updated: Jun 7, 2026

High-throughput Flow Cytometry Cell-based Assay to Detect Antibodies to N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptor or Dopamine-2 Receptor in Human Serum
Published on: November 23, 2013
[Differential diagnosis of encephalitis due to anti-NMDA receptor antibodies]
J González-Valcárcel1, M R Rosenfeld, J Dalmau
1Departamento de Neurología, Hospital de la Universidad de Pensilvania, Filadelfia, Estados Unidos.
Introduction:
Anti-NMDA receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis usually develops as a multistage syndrome with a broad differential diagnosis.
Patients:
We report 2 patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis and a clinical picture typical of this disorder but whose initial evaluation suggested other aetiologies.
Discussion:
The frequent development of this disorder in young individuals presenting with psychiatric manifestations often suggests other diagnostic possibilities, most commonly viral encephalitis, psychiatric disorders, and neuroleptic malignant syndrome. In addition, several less clearly defined syndromes or descriptively reported disorders in adult and paediatric patients were likely cases of anti-NMDAR encephalitis.
Conclusions:
Anti-NMDAR encephalitis should be considered in young individuals with subacute presentation of psychiatric symptoms, abnormal movements, and autonomic dysfunction. The clinical and immunological characterization of this disorder has lead to the identification of new antibodies that affect memory, learning, behaviour and psychosis.
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