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Related Concept Videos

Attachment of Sister Chromatids02:57

Attachment of Sister Chromatids

As cells progress into mitosis, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the condensed chromosomes are exposed to the array of bipolar microtubules of the mitotic spindle. The kinetochore, a large, disc-shaped protein complex, is present at the centromere region of the sister chromatids and acts as a binding site for the microtubules.  Usually, the plus-end of a single microtubule is embedded within the kinetochore. However, some kinetochores first establish lateral contact with the side-wall of a...
Attachment of Sister Chromatids02:57

Attachment of Sister Chromatids

As cells progress into mitosis, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the condensed chromosomes are exposed to the array of bipolar microtubules of the mitotic spindle. The kinetochore, a large, disc-shaped protein complex, is present at the centromere region of the sister chromatids and acts as a binding site for the microtubules.  Usually, the plus-end of a single microtubule is embedded within the kinetochore. However, some kinetochores first establish lateral contact with the side-wall of a...
Mitosis and Cytokinesis01:35

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

In eukaryotes, the cell division cycle is divided into distinct, coordinated cellular processes that include cell growth, DNA replication/chromosome duplication, chromosome distribution to daughter cells, and finally, cell division. The cell cycle is tightly regulated by its regulatory systems as well as extracellular signals that affect cell proliferation.
The processes of the cell cycle occur over approximately 24 hours (in typical human cells) and in two major distinguishable stages. The...
Mitosis and Cytokinesis02:03

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

In eukaryotes, the cell division cycle is divided into distinct, coordinated cellular processes that include cell growth, DNA replication/chromosome duplication, chromosome distribution to daughter cells, and finally, cell division. The cell cycle is tightly regulated by its regulatory systems as well as extracellular signals that affect cell proliferation.
The processes of the cell cycle occur over approximately 24 hours (in typical human cells) and in two major distinguishable stages. The...
Forces Acting on Chromosomes02:11

Forces Acting on Chromosomes

During mitosis, chromosome movements occur through the interplay of multiple piconewton level forces. In prometaphase, these forces help in chromosome assembly or congression at the equatorial plane, eventually leading to their alignment at the metaphase plate. The forces acting on the chromosomes are space and time-dependent; therefore, they vary with the position of the chromosomes as the cell progresses through mitosis. 
Microtubules and motor proteins exert two types of forces on...
The Mitotic Spindle02:27

The Mitotic Spindle

The mitotic spindle—or spindle apparatus—is a eukaryotic, cytoskeletal structure made up of long protein fibers called microtubules. Formed during cell division, the spindle separates sister chromatids and moves them to opposite ends of a parental cell, where the now individual chromosomes are distributed to two daughter cell nuclei.
The bipolar configuration of the mitotic spindle facilitates chromosomal segregation, preparing the cell for division. One mechanism that ensures bipolar mitotic...

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Live Cell Imaging to Assess the Dynamics of Metaphase Timing and Cell Fate Following Mitotic Spindle Perturbations
07:14

Live Cell Imaging to Assess the Dynamics of Metaphase Timing and Cell Fate Following Mitotic Spindle Perturbations

Published on: September 20, 2019

Building mitotic chromosomes.

Shinya Ohta1, Laura Wood, Jimi-Carlo Bukowski-Wills

  • 1Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Michael Swann Building, King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, Scotland, UK.

Current Opinion in Cell Biology
|October 27, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Scientists have identified the complete protein makeup of vertebrate mitotic chromosomes. This definitive proteome offers new insights into chromosome structure and organization during cell division.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Mitotic chromosomes package the genome for accurate segregation during cell division.
  • The precise organization of the chromatin fiber within mitotic chromosomes remains poorly understood, with ongoing scientific debate.
  • Recent research has advanced the understanding of chromosome organization and protein composition.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings on mitotic chromosome organization.
  • To present a comprehensive overview of the latest proteomics studies on vertebrate chromosomes.
  • To establish a definitive proteome for vertebrate mitotic chromosomes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature on chromosome organization.
  • Analysis of proteomics data from studies on isolated mitotic chromosomes.
  • Compilation and synthesis of proteomic information.

Main Results:

  • Significant progress has been made in identifying the protein components of mitotic chromosomes.
  • Proteomics studies have yielded a definitive proteome for vertebrate chromosomes.
  • This proteome provides a foundational resource for understanding chromosome structure.

Conclusions:

  • The protein composition of vertebrate mitotic chromosomes is now well-defined.
  • This detailed proteome will facilitate future research into chromosome organization and function.
  • Resolving the protein makeup is a critical step towards understanding chromosome packaging.