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Related Concept Videos

Scanning Electron Microscopy01:07

Scanning Electron Microscopy

A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to study the surface features of a sample by using an electron beam that scans the sample surface in a two-dimensional manner. Typically, areas between ~1 centimeter to 5 micrometers in width can be imaged. SEM can be used to image bacteria, viruses, tissues as well as larger samples like insects. Conventional SEM gives a magnification ranging from 20X to 30,000X and spatial resolution of 50 to 100 nanometers.
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X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
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Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can be used to determine the 3D structure of biological samples with the help of techniques such as electron microscope tomography and single-particle reconstruction. While single-particle reconstruction can examine macromolecules and macromolecular complexes in vitro conditions only, tomography permits the study of cell components or small cells in vivo.
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The early pioneers of microscopy opened a window into the invisible world of microorganisms. In 1830, Joseph Jackson Lister created an essentially modern light microscope. The 20th century saw the development of microscopes that leveraged nonvisible light, such as fluorescence microscopy that uses an ultraviolet light source and electron microscopy that uses short-wavelength electron beams. These advances significantly improved magnification, image resolution, and contrast. By comparison, the...
X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal crystal...
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To be visualized by an electron microscope, either transmission or scanning, biological samples need to be fixed (stabilized) so the electron beam does not destroy them and dried thoroughly (desiccated/dehydrated) so the vacuum does not affect them. Fixation needs to be done as quickly as possible because the sample properties will start changing as soon as it is removed from its natural environment. For example, in a tissue sample, the oxygen levels begin decreasing, causing an altered...

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Measurements of Long-range Electronic Correlations During Femtosecond Diffraction Experiments Performed on Nanocrystals of Buckminsterfullerene
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Precession electron diffraction using a digital sampling method.

Daliang Zhang1, Daniel Grüner, Peter Oleynikov

  • 1Inorganic and Structural Chemistry and Berzelii Center EXSELENT on Porous Materials, Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.

Ultramicroscopy
|November 6, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new software method automates precession electron diffraction (PED) pattern collection using transmission electron microscopy. This technique yields high-quality data comparable to specialized hardware, enabling accurate structure solution and refinement.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Crystallography
  • Electron Microscopy

Background:

  • Precession electron diffraction (PED) is crucial for accurate crystal structure determination.
  • Conventional PED often requires specialized hardware, limiting accessibility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and describe a software-based method for collecting PED patterns.
  • To demonstrate that software-controlled data acquisition can achieve high-quality results.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing a computer-controlled transmission electron microscope to collect a series of electron diffraction (ED) frames during beam precession.
  • Combining sequential ED frames to reconstruct a PED pattern.
  • Implementing automated alignment and data collection via software.

Main Results:

  • The software-based method successfully collects PED patterns by combining multiple ED frames.
  • The collected data quality is comparable to that obtained with specialized precession hardware.
  • The method allows for post-processing strategies, including geometric corrections for accurate integrated intensities.

Conclusions:

  • A fully automated, software-driven approach to PED data collection is feasible and effective.
  • This method enhances accessibility to PED analysis for crystal structure solution and refinement.
  • The technique provides reliable data suitable for obtaining good R-values in structural studies.