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Muscles of the Abdomen

Muscles of the Abdomen

The abdominal wall encircles the abdominal cavity, providing flexible protection and shielding the internal organs from harm. It is bordered at the top by the xiphoid process and costal margins, at the back by the vertebral column, and at the bottom by the pelvic bones and inguinal ligament. The abdominal wall is divided into two regions — the anterolateral and posterior regions.
Anterolateral Region
The anterolateral region comprises five paired muscles classified into the lateral and anterior...

Axial and Appendicular Muscles

Axial and Appendicular Muscles

Skeletal muscles, the key players in our body's movement, can be classified into two groups based on their location and function: axial muscles and appendicular muscles. These classifications reflect the primary roles the muscles play in the body's structure and movement.
Axial Muscles
Axial muscles, situated along the body's midline, are intricately connected to the axial skeleton, which includes the skull, spine, ribs, and sternum. These muscles facilitate facial expressions and play a...

Isotonic and Isometric Muscle Contractions

Isotonic and Isometric Muscle Contractions

Two primary types of muscle contractions are isotonic and isometric, each serving unique functions and involving distinct mechanisms. Both isotonic and isometric contractions are integral to the body's complex system of movement and stability. Isotonic exercises contribute significantly to functional strength and movement, while isometric contractions are crucial for maintaining posture and joint stability.
Isotonic contractions
Isotonic contractions occur when a muscle changes length while the...

Exercise and Muscle Performance

Exercise and Muscle Performance

Exercise induces a range of adaptations in muscle tissue, depending on the type and duration of activity. Such physical training can be broadly categorized into two types: endurance exercises and resistance exercises.
Endurance exercises
Endurance exercises involve running, swimming, or cycling, which require repetitive movements with low force output. When a person engages in endurance exercise, a few noticeable changes occur in their skeletal muscles. For instance, the number of capillaries...

Muscle Stimulation Frequency

Muscle Stimulation Frequency

The contraction strength of muscles is regulated by motor neurons, which modulate the frequency of action potentials dispatched to the motor units based on the body's requirements. This process of varying the muscle stimulation frequency allows muscles to contract with a force that is precisely tailored to the needs of the moment, whether lifting a feather or a heavy box.
Wave summation
At low firing rates, motor neurons induce individual twitch contractions in muscle fibers. These twitches...

Muscles of the Pelvic Floor and Perineum

Muscles of the Pelvic Floor and Perineum

The muscles of the pelvic floor and perineum are crucial for supporting the pelvic organs, controlling continence, and aiding in sexual function, childbirth, and core stability. They are typically divided into the superficial perineal layer and the deep pelvic floor layer.
Perineal Layer
The perineum is a diamond-shaped area below the pelvic diaphragm, divided into an anterior urogenital triangle that contains the external genitals and a posterior anal triangle housing the anus. The urogenital...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Muscle Function Obtained with Motion Mode Ultrasound and Surface Electromyography during Core Endurance Exercise

Muscle Function Obtained with Motion Mode Ultrasound and Surface Electromyography during Core Endurance Exercise

Published on: August 25, 2022

Different techniques for mesh application give the same abdominal muscle strength.

M Johansson¹, U Gunnarsson, K Strigård

¹Department of Physiotherapy, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.

Hernia : the Journal of Hernias and Abdominal Wall Surgery

|November 6, 2010

Summary

Abdominal muscle strength after giant hernia repair was similar across onlay, sublay, and intraperitoneal (IPOM) techniques. Surgical method choice for hernia repair should prioritize anatomical factors over strength outcomes.

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Last Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Muscle Function Obtained with Motion Mode Ultrasound and Surface Electromyography during Core Endurance Exercise

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Published on: August 25, 2022

Application of a New Mesh Fixation Method in Laparoscopic Incisional Hernia Repair

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Fixation and Operational Method for Abdominal Massage in T2DM Mice

Fixation and Operational Method for Abdominal Massage in T2DM Mice

Published on: March 7, 2025

Area of Science:

Abdominal surgery
Hernia repair
Musculoskeletal biomechanics

Background:

Giant hernias pose reconstructive challenges.
Surgical mesh placement may impact abdominal muscle function.
Understanding postoperative strength is crucial for patient recovery.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare abdominal muscle strength after giant hernia repair using onlay, sublay, or intraperitoneal (IPOM) mesh techniques.
To determine if mesh placement influences postoperative physical activity and abdominal muscle function.

Main Methods:

Evaluated 24 patients one year post-surgery for large ventral hernias.
Utilized the Biodex system 4 to assess abdominal wall strength.
Compared strength outcomes across onlay, sublay, and IPOM surgical groups.

Main Results:

No significant differences in abdominal wall strength were found between the surgical technique groups.
Postoperative muscle strength was consistent regardless of mesh placement (onlay, sublay, IPOM).

Conclusions:

Abdominal muscle strength post-hernia repair is independent of the surgical method used.
Surgical technique selection for large abdominal wall hernias should be guided by anatomical considerations.
This finding supports prioritizing anatomical suitability in surgical planning for hernia reconstruction.